The Benefits of Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

The Benefits of Early Childhood Education Essay Introduction Early childhood education is a term that is used to commonly describe the formal teaching and care of young children by individuals or professionals other than their family or in settings outside the child’s home. Based on the definition provided by the National Association for the Education of Young Children, early childhood education spans the child’s life from birth to the age of eight. That being said, the general definition adopted by the majority of school districts throughout the world will typically employ a system of early childhood education starting from birth to when a child starts school—which typically occurs at the age of five. The definitions regarding early childhood education are somewhat arbitrary; however, the majority of school jurisdictions throughout the world have defined the curriculum as taking place between a child’s birth until he or she reaches the age of 6. This period is regarded as one of the most critical in regards to a child’s development, for the years, which constitute early childhood education, denote the most influential period of growth and development. From zero to age 6 is the period of greatest growth and development for a child; at this stage, the brain develops most rapidly. During this period, a child will begin walking, talking, developing a self-esteem and manufacturing a vision of the world. As a result of these innate developments, the child will build a moral foundation that is ultimately intertwined with the ability to perform rudimentary educational tasks. Social and Emotional Development Having your child attend the same preschool programme throughout his or her early years allows him or her to develop relationships with the adults and children in that environment, which provides a sense of security. A child who is comfortable with the people in his or her life is more likely to participate in learning opportunities and in advanced cooperative play, such as role playing with others, playing games with rules, and working with others to accomplish goals. Children who experience consistency in their early childhood education programme demonstrate less aggressive behaviours, because of their ability to interact with others and use their language skills to resolve conflicts. For young children, the knowledge that teachers, other children, and daily routines will be consistent over time fosters confidence and competency in social settings. These dimensions include well-trained teaching staff, a small number of children per classroom and an enduring intervention that begins early. Reviews of effective early education strategies conclude that programs that combine early childhood education with services to support families can produce lasting positive social benefits, and can result in decreased rates of antisocial and delinquent behavior (Yoshikawa, 1995). Cognitive Development Consistency in the preschool programme can significantly impact a childs cognitive development. High-quality early childhood development programmes that provide developmentally appropriate curricula, enable children to develop specific cognitive skills at the appropriate age. Developmentally appropriate curricula help children develop cognitive skills through a developmental continuum, meaning the curricula builds on childrens existing skills and knowledge to help them acquire new skills and knowledge. In addition, curriculum programmes that incorporate developmental objectives ensure children follow a scope and sequence of age-appropriate developmental milestones throughout their time in the programme. Although research suggests that income is clearly associated with the cognitive development and achievement of children during their preschool years, studies have likewise found that the poorest children benefit the most from a high quality early education program (Brooks-Gunn, 2003; Yoshikawa, 1995). Language Development Language development occurs at a rapid pace in children between the ages of one and five years old. Children who are secure in their environment and with the people around them are more likely to engage in frequent, age-appropriate conversations. These daily interactions lead to more advanced language skills by promoting vocabulary development and conversational skills. Through activities such as daily group discussions, finger-plays, songs, and read-alouds, children develop the fundamental language skills they will continue to build on throughout their lifetimes. Researchers have posited that the proportion of kindergarteners who enter school without basic literacy and numeracy skills could be substantially higher in poor and minority communities than that of children from middle-class backgrounds (Brooks-Gunn, 2003). Skill Development Children play because it is fun. Play is also key to their learning and development. Playing, both structured and unstructured, lays the foundation for a childs development of future learning and life skills. It helps children: develop their knowledge, experience, curiosity and confidence, learn by trying things, comparing results, asking questions and meeting challenges develop the skills of language, thinking, planning, organizing and decision-making. Stimulation, play and being included in play with other children and adults are very important for children with disabilities or chronic illnesses, such as children with HIV. When parents and other caregivers talk and interact with children in their first language, it helps children develop the ability to think and express themselves. Children learn language quickly and easily through hearing and singing songs, having stories told or read to them, repeating rhymes and playing games. Girls and boys need the same opportunities for play and interaction with all family members, including siblings and grandparents, and in activities outside the home. Play and interaction with the mother and the father help strengthen the bond between the child and both parents. Additionally, the positive effects of the intervention have persisted through age 40, more than 30 years after the program ended, in the form of lower rates of crimes committed and higher monthly earnings on average when compared to adults with the same background who did not participate in the program as children (Schweinhart, 2003). Behavior Developement By watching and imitating others, young children learn how to interact socially. They learn acceptable and unacceptable kinds of behaviour. The examples set by adults, older siblings and children are the most powerful influences shaping a childs behaviour and personality. One way children learn is by copying what others do. If men and women do not treat each other equally, the child will observe, learn and probably copy this behaviour. If adults shout, behave violently, exclude or discriminate, children will learn this type of behaviour. If adults treat others with kindness, respect and patience, children will follow their example. If mothers and fathers treat each other with love and respect, this is what their children will learn and most likely replay in their adult relationships. Children like to pretend. This should be encouraged, as it develops their imagination and creativity. It also helps the child understand different ways people behave. Conclusion The benefits are evident in almost all the spheres of children’s lives. Learning through play ensures, they manage to incorporate communication skills and feel comfortable in expressing themselves. They become friendlier and slowly, they start gaining independence. Children feel a new found freedom and that helps them in the long run. Child development center is a great place to engage children in active instruction. Because of the caring nature of the teachers and caretakers, child feels at ease and gradually he stops missing his home. The nature of childhood instruction is usually one-to-one in preschools; it proves instrumental in easy identification of children for academic intervention. All in all, there are countless benefits of early childhood education and parents must ensure that their children are not deprived of this great source of learning. References Barnett, W. S. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes. Future of Children, 5(3), 25-50. Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003). Do you believe in magic? Social Policy Report, 17(1), 3- 16. Campbell, F. A. , Ramey, C. T. (1994). Effects of early intervention on intellectual and academic achievement: A follow-up study of children from low-income families. Child Development, 65, 684-698. Consortium for Longitudinal Studies. (1983). As the twig is bent . . . lasting effects of preschool programs. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Duncan, G. J. , Magnuson, K. A. (2005). Can family socioeconomic resources account for racial and ethnic test score gaps? Future of Children, 15(1), 35-54. Karoly, L. A. , Rydell, C. P. , Hoube, J. , Everingham, S. S. , Kilburn, R. , Greenwood, P. W. (1998). Investing in Our Children: What we know and dont know about the costs and benefits of early childhood interventions. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Magnuson, K. A. , Waldfogel, J. (2005). Early childhood care and education: Effects on ethnic and racial gaps in school readiness. Future of Children, 15(1), 169-196. Phillips, D. , Adams, G. (2001). Child care and our youngest children. Future of Children, 11(1), 35-52. Rouse, C. , Brooks-Gunn, J. , McLanahan, S. (2005). Introduction to school readiness: Closing racial and ethnic gaps. Future of Children, 15, 5-13. Schweinhart, L. J. (2003, April). Benefits, Costs, and Explanation of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, FL. Wells, A. S. , Crain, R. L. (1997). Stepping over the color line: African- American students in White suburban schools. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Yoshikawa, H. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on social outcomes and delinquency. Future of Children, 5(3), 51-75.

Impact of Women in Government for Nigerian Democracy

Impact of Women in Government for Nigerian Democracy TIJANI, FATIMAH. A TITLE: Impact of Women Involvement In Governance and Political Leadership, Towards the Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria: 1999 – 2012. AN OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY: The focus of this qualitative phenomenological study is to explore the impact of the Nigerian woman in the involvement in governance and Political Leadership towards the sustainable democracy in the last three dispensations 1999-2012. It is no doubt that in such a patriarchal society as our women expenses such a large percentages of discrimination and marginalization in their quest for active participation. However, despite the recorded achievements of women’s rights advocates such as Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Margaret Ekpo, and Gambo Sawaba, there continues to be an underrepresentation of Nigerian women in leadership and political positions (Asase, 2003; Qualls, 2003). Various challenges such as gender roles and stereotypes as well as structure of the political environment in Nigeria militate against the full participation of women in political and public life. Additionally, severe hindrances of gender inequality such as the underrepresentation and discrimination as a result of cultural, social, and political norms empower men at their expense (Okome, 2006; Okunna, 1996). As a result women are struggling to gain access, have a presence or be influential in the political process of the country. They are often in a poorer position than their male counterparts in the various spheres of politics. Though a growing number of women are members of the various political parties in Nigeria, very few occupy executive positions in these parties, only very few are given the opportunity to contest for elective positions and even fewer are appointed as members of the ruling cabinet. To this end, the findings from this research may provide the following information to; to provide strategies to help decision-makers reevaluate or develop programs designed to improve the quality of life for Nigerian women towards active participation, to provide enabling channel for the empowering of Nigerian women towards gender equality as well as those in similar societies as they continue striving to obtain gender equity. To provide insights regarding the importance of including women in governance and Political leadership roles. Finally the study will also explore the various influences and presence of women in the last three dispensation in Nigeria and the roles they have played towards sustainable democracy in the country despite the little opportunity they are given. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The inferiority complex of the Nigerian women as to their active political involvement and representation constitute the crux of this Research. The gender stereotyping in Nigeria’s political system today has its genesis from the onset of colonialism in Nigeria. Making the western cultural notion of colonialism tied towards a patriarchal society which in turn is reflected in its male superiority within the Nigerians society today. The most crucial element of this research is that women are, and have been marginalized as well as sidelined in the political spheres of things in Nigeria and this current situation might cause some dangerous national catastrophe if not adequately managed. Indeed, women’s political involvement during the colonial times till date have contributed greatly towards shaping the Nigerian politics not only in democratic governance; but also during the pre-colonial era. Therefore, it will be unreasonable, and cruel to wish away the critical efforts of women in the making of Nigerian state while arrogating political powers to the male folk. It is also unjust to ascribe political seats only for the male folks in this state of globalization where the world is evolving and where the role, influence and charismatic preposition of the women in global politics is considered to be relevance and importance towards attainment of overall world peace, mutual co-existence and tranquility. In line with this I will be taking a look at the various stages of Nigerian political history and how women has been in some ways impacted to the sustainable democracy in Nigeria even when they are unimaginably sidelined, additionally ways to encourage their full participation into political posts in the country without prejudice. AIMS/PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The followings are the reasons why I decided to embark on this research To examine the impacts of women in governance and political leadership towards the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria To elicit their challenges, experiences and contributions to the democratic process in Nigeria To look at the disparity between the involvement of women in governance, Leadership and politics in Nigeria, and to raise concern on the lack of gender equity in the transformed democratic practise in Nigeria enlighten about their human rights for involvement and participation. This research work will form part of the requirement for the degree of the Masters in International Relations. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: To bring to limelight ways/how Nigerian women are shattering the ceilings that limit and marginalize them in the Nigerian political scene. To provide information to help decision-makers reevaluate or develop programs designed to improve the quality of life for Nigerian women towards active participation. The findings from the study may provide insights regarding the importance of including women in governance and Political leadership roles. To serve as an avenue for further research study on the area of gender politics in the Nigerian Society. RESEARCH QUESTIONS What impact has the involvement of Nigerian women in governance and political leadership been able to add to the sustainable of democracy in the country? If more women participated in decision-making and active participation, what kind of difference would they make? What are the positions of political parties, government and other state institutions (including the three branches of government) on the role and participation of women in political and public offices? In what ways can women themselves contribute to reducing the challenges that hinder their effective participation in governance and politics in general? What lessons can be drawn from the research that would help decision-makers in general but especially political parties to address the problems of women’s participation in political and public life? What recommendations can be made to address the problems of women in politics and public offices? SCOPE OF STUDY: This study will be undertaken within the jurisdiction of the Federal Republic of Nigeria State. It will look into the impact of Nigerian women involvement in governance and political leadership towards the sustainable democracy in Nigerian politics within the last three dispensation i.e. from 1999-2012. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS According to Ogbeide (1996), hypothesis testing is a fundamental in activity in qualitative data analysis. The statement of a hypothesis take two means: null (H0) and research (H1). While null hypothesis indicates that there is no relationship between the variables under study, the research hypothesis indicated that there is a relationship between the variables. In this study two hypotheses will be tested as shown below: Hypothesis 1 H1: Women Involvement in Governance and Political Leadership, has been impactful towards the Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria H0: Women Involvement in Governance and Political Leadership, have not been impactful towards the Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria Hypothesis 2 H1: Women participation in decision-making will help faster development of the nation H0: Women participation in decision-making will not help the faster development of the nation. METHODOLOGY: In obtaining the required information for this research, the use of qualitative and quantitative means of data collections will be used, which means Data for the study will be carried out from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data will be administered through structured questionnaires on about 700 randomly selected female politicians, activists and professionals in government and dominant political parties cross-cutting through the six geo-political zones of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This will be done in order to capture and document a cross-cutting opinion of the targeted groups in the respective geo-political zones on the situation regarding women’s role in politics and the democratic process in Nigeria. Additionally, scheduled interview schedules will be conducted with 10 purposively selected respondents who occupied key political leadership positions whose experiences has facilitated the documentation of women’s involvement in politics and the democratic process in Nigeria from 1999-2011. The use of academic research books, journals, and writes up from feminist scholars will be highlighted. As such, this research will take its bearing from the feminist ideologies concerning the status of women. THEORETÄ °CAL FRAMEWORK This research study will take its theoretical prospect from feminist ideologies which is concerned with the status of women in every spheres in general. Feminists are of the view that in comparison to men, women occupy disadvantaged positions in most elusive dimensions of our life. The work of two feminists idelogist will be of importance here; Walby (1990; 1997) and Chafetz (1990) will be briefly examined here with particular focus on the relationships they perceive exist between domestic and public economic life with regard to the creation and maintenance of gender inequalities. A BRIEF OUTLINE: (THESIS STRUCTURE) This study will comprise of six chapters. The introductory chapter which will provide us with an overview of what the research is going to be, the objectives, literature review, research method and also samples arguments on why gender equality in politics is essential. Chapter two examines of the historical dimension and position of women in Nigerian political history dating back to its precolonial, colonial as well as postcolonial times till date. It seeks to creates insight on the various contributions of women in governance though Nigerian political history which will help the focus of this research. The third chapter will analysis the data collected based on the field research, and opinion of selected respondents via interviews and questionnaires. Chapter four on the other hand will be focusing on the impact of women involvement in Nigerian politics vis-a-viz their quest for political participation. This chapter equally introduces the three major political parties in Nigeria; and using them as case study in order to fully capture the scope of political transition period, this research analyzes the contributions of political parties towards the poor participation and representation of women since independence till date. It highlights their role in representative democracy such as practiced in Nigeria today as well as various avenues they use to hamper women’s advancement in politics. Furthermore the fifth chapter will be taking a broader insight into the impact, ways and contributions adopted by the women in Nigeria in the last dispensations to encourage gender equality in political scene, the various national as well as international policies amongst other things and how these measures have been implemented. This chapter will also analyze the impact these measures have had on women advancement in the country’s politics as well as the hindrances they have been face with. Finally, the concluding chapter, will highlight some observations, recommendations on the findings as well as recommendations from various respondents for further research study. ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Aims/Purpose/Objective of the Study Significance of the Study Research Questions Scope of the Study Hypothesis Methodology Theoretical Framework Delimitation (Scope) of the Study Literature Review Operational Defination of Terms Reference CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction- Women in Nigerian Politics: An Overview 2.2 The 1979 and 1999 Nigerian Constitution and the Status of the Nigerian Woman in politics 2.3 Women in Pre-colonial Nigeria 2.4 Women in Colonial Nigeria 2.5 Women in Nigeria Today 2.6 The Problem of Colonial Legacy to Women’s Involvement in Nigeria Politics 2.6 Ferminist Theory in Perspctive 2.7 Arguments for gender-balanced Representation Reference CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY (DATA PRESENTAION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Design 3.3 Population 3.4 Sample and Sampling technique 3.5 Instrument for Data Collection 3.5.1 Personal Interview 3.5.2 Questionnaire 3.6 Data Analysis 3.7 Response to Questionnaire 3.8 Tabular Design of Questionnaire 3.9 Statistical Test of Hypotheses 3.10 Interpretation of Hypothesis 3.11 Summary Reference CHAPTER FOUR: CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO THE LEVEL OF WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN NIGERIA TODAY AND THE ROLE OF PARTY POLITICS 4.1 An Overview of the concept ‘Participation’ in politics 4.2 The rise and structure of political parties in Nigeria 4.3 A brief background of the three major political parties in Nigeria 4.4 The position of women in the Nigerian political parties 4.5 Ways political parties inhibit women in Nigerian politics Reference CHAPTER FIVE: CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN TO NIGERIAN POLITICS 5.1 Impacts of Nigerian Women Involvement in Nigerian Politics towards Sustainable Democracy 5.2 Barriers and Hinderances to Women Involvement women in Nigerian politics 5.3 Actors role in increasing womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s political participation 5.4 Other contributions towards women empowerment and gender equality in Nigeria Reference CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 Summary 6.2 Conclusion 6.3 Recommendations 6.4 Recommendations for Further Studies

Effects of the WWII Atomic Bombs :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Effects of the WWII Atomic Bombs Two Sources When the atomic bomb went off over Hiroshima on Aug. 6th, 1945, 70,000 lives were ended in a flash. To the American people who were weary from the long and brutal war, such a drastic measure seemed a necessary, even righteous way to end the madness that was World War II. However, the madness had just begun. That August morning was the day that heralded the dawn of the nuclear age, and with it came more than just the loss of lives. According to Archibald MacLeish, a U.S. poet, "What happened at Hiroshima was not only that a scientific breakthrough . . . had occurred and that a great part of the population of a city had been burned to death, but that the problem of the relation of the triumphs of modern science to the human purposes of man had been explicitly defined." The entire globe was now to live with the fear of total annihilation, the fear that drove the cold war, the fear that has forever changed world politics. The fear is real, more real today than ever, for the ease at which a nuclear bomb is achieved in this day and age sparks fear in the hearts of most people on this planet. According to General Douglas MacArthur, "We have had our last chance. If we do not devise some greater and more equitable system, Armageddon will be at our door." The decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japanese citizens in August, 1945, as a means to bring the long Pacific war to an end was justified-militarily, politically and morally. The goal of waging war is victory with minimum losses on one's own side and, if possible, on the enemy's side. No one disputes the fact that the Japanese military was prepared to fight to the last man to defend the home islands, and indeed had already demonstrated this determination in previous Pacific island campaigns. A weapon originally developed to contain a Nazi atomic project was available

Everything is not Always as it Seems :: essays papers

Everything is not Always as it Seems In the novel, Bel-Ami, Guy de Maupassant uses symbolism quite frequently. Many of the smallest details are completely enthralled with symbolism. Maupassant uses people, inanimate objects, and situations to portray some aspects of his life or simply of French society in general. On the surface, Bel-Ami is a great book, but deeper into the pages lies a whole different world. Webster’s New World Dictionary defines symbolism as the representation of things by use of symbols, especially in art or literature. This definition strikes me as a very vague description. Symbolism to me is a sort of art form. It is not a very difficult task to tell someone information in a straight forward manner, but it takes a lot of imagination and cleverness to utilize the art of symbolism. That is why I enjoyed Bel-Ami. Maupassant really has a great understanding of his views and how he wants to portray them. Take the fish on page 260, for an example (Maupassant 260). The fish represented society. When the wad of bread was thrown into them, the fish would do just about anything to get a piece of it. They fought amongst each other and then they moved away from DuRoy and Suzanne to the other end of the pond, much like Suzanne’s parents and society. This example was just to show the constant and effortless use of symbolism throughout the novel. The mirror is used quite often in Bel-Ami. It appears to us first on page 17 (Maupassant 17). DuRoy, in his ascend up the stairs at the Forestiers’, notices a strikingly handsome gentleman staring back at him. He is taken aback when he realizes the man is himself. DuRoy continues to stand in front of the mirror and admire himself for quite sometime before actually entering the Forestiers’ home. It is here in front of this shiny, beautiful, glimmering object, that we truly see ourselves. DuRoy tries out just about every gesture he might use at the party, just to see the effect of his appearance. According to the symbolism dictionary (http://www.umich.edu/~umfandsf/symbolismproject/symbolism.html/M/mirror.html), the mirror is the absolute truth and a reflection of ones soul. It does not lie to anyone. The mirror is also considered a distraction when looked upon for glamour reasons. People don’t have to deal with real life issues or problems in the mirror. Y ou can just simply admire yourself to take away all other thoughts that might be troubling at the time.

Keeping the Drinking Age at 21

Listening to the news on television, hearing other students talk about it, is it really true, or are they going to lower the drinking age to 18? This is not just a rumor but nowhere have they actually lowered the age. The debate has been talked about for the last few years. The nation has always tried different things to solve the irresponsible drinking problems. In order to try and prevent this problem America has tried a national prohibition in the 1920’s and state prohibitions in the 1850’s. Many believe that rising the drinking age has saved lives of many young adults. There has been evidence that the drinking age of 21 has decreased the amount of tragic car accidents related to alcohol between young adults. Since 1987 the decrease of drinking and driving problems have gone down. If they did lower the drinking age to 18 or 19 the more health related problems the young adults would deal with once they get older. On the other hand the current law of the minimum drinking age at 21 leads to problems behind the scenes. The amount of students at colleges under the age 21 are more likely to be binge drinkers, which means they have more than five drinks in a row. This can be very dangerous to the body. Many also argue that if a person is old enough to fight for the country they should be old enough to have a beer. Also if a people are expected to be able responsible and live on their own at eighteen they should be able to be responsible enough to drink on their own. There are many pros and cons to lowering the drinking age, but the most important reason not to lower the drinking age is to protect the lives of young adults. A survey found that out of 1,881 surveyed college students 88 percent of males and 86 percent of females said they were drinkers (Gonzalez 2). Many adults have noticed the problem of underage drinking and want to fix the problem. If the states were to lower the drinking age we would be putting many lives at risk. Many studies have shown that the minimum drinking age of 21 has saved many lives when it turns to drinking and driving. In the article College-age Drinking Problems states â€Å"the age limit at 21 has saved 16,500 lives in traffic crashes alone since 1975† (Hingson 1). Traffic crashes are one of the leading causes of deaths in America for people under the age 25. 10,431 people between ages 15 and 24 died in 1996 from fatal traffic crashes and 45% of them were related to alcohol (1). By leaving the drinking age to 21 it will continue to save many lives from traffic crashes. The amount of alcohol related accidents doubles if a person has a . 02 percent increase in blood alcohol level. For people under 21 drinking and driving increases the risk of being involved in a fetal traffic crash with each alcoholic dri nk they have. As Hingson says â€Å" For young drivers, drinking is like throwing gasoline on a fire† (1). It is illegal for anyone under 21 to drive with blood alcohol level more than . 0 percent. With this law alcohol related traffic deaths has dropped 57 percent from 5380 in 1982 to 2315 in 1996 with people ages 15 to 20 (2). Lowering the legal limit for the amount allowed of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drivers will continue to save lives. The lowering of BAC has shown a 5 to 8 percent decrease in alcohol related traffic crashes (Wagenaar 6). Drivers under 21 who are intoxicated are more likely to get involved in traffic crashes, because they have less experience on the road. Communities have noticed the problem with underage drinking and driving and started The Saving Lives Project, which was designed to reduce alcohol impaired driving and related problems (Holder 2). This project uses media and education to get the word out about the risk of drinking. The communities that are apart of this project have shown a 40 percent reduction in alcohol related fatal crashes (Holder 2). The project has been shown that older teens ages sixteen to nineteen are now less likely to drink and drive after learning about the risks in alcohol related classes. Colleges that have set a week to focus on education and prevention of alcohol have shown a five-fold increase (Gonzalez 4). Not only does alcohol affect a person once they drink a beverage but it also affects them in their future. If people start drinking at a younger age the more problems they will encounter in their future. Over the life of many people it has been proven that most people drink the most in their late teens and early twenties (Chen 1). Drinking in young adults is turning to be a serious concern with public health. By exceeding the daily drinking limit is about four or more drinks in a single day, and college teens shown that hey binge drink. Binge drinking is when a person consumes more than five drinks in one setting (Hingson 1). People who binge drinks are more likely to do things they regret, fall back in schoolwork and become hurt or injured. Alcohol can cause risky behaviors and immediate and long-term problems with health. Becoming stricter on under age drinkin g laws can prevent this. If the cops gave more MIP’s out to parties with underage drinking teens would be less likely to drink. Even though many would agree to keep the drinking age at 21, many would also have many reasons why to lower the drinking age to 18. One main argument is if a person is old enough to fight for the country, vote or live on their own they should be old enough to drink (Johnson 1). If a man and women is old enough to go to war and put their life at risk they should be able to drink on their own. People would argue if they are old enough to vote for the person who runs the country, then what’s the difference in choosing the responsibility of drinking. Colleges have also debated the fact of lowering the drinking age. College president McCardell say’s â€Å"it does not reduce drinking. It simply puts young adults at greater risks. (2) Many agree with McCardell and say that the drinking age of 21 does not prevent college students from drinking. It just causes them to drink under ground. If young adults do drink under ground they are more likely to binge drink and put their life at risk. â€Å"85 percent of 20 year old Americans reported that they have used alcohol, and two out of five said they have binge drank† (2). Johnson believes that if they lowering the drinking age young adults would learn to drink responsibly and stop binge drinking. Even though they are great arguments, raising the drink to 21 has proof with statistics that it has saved lives of many each year. It is more important to save the lives of people than it is to let them drink. Educating young adults about the risks of drinking can also prevent binge drinking. If the community worked together to have alcohol awareness days more people would be aware of the problem of underage drinking. The more people know about the problem the more people will work together to stop the problem. It can also stop underage drinking by creating more laws towards the people who sell to minors. If more people got in trouble for selling to minors the less people would sell to minors. The communities who have taken the step up in stopping underage drinking problems have noticed a huge change in the amount of deaths related to alcohol. By keeping the age at 21, it will continually save lives of accidents related to alcohol. If there was not a problem with the drinking age at 21 they would have never raised the age to 21, the law was set in place for a reason and it has been shown that it is a good law. As a parent many are worried about their children and want to make sure they will not ruin their life with alcohol related problems.

American Materialism

The world is now filled with corporations dedicated to provide both wants and needs of the people. If a person is craving for Big Mac or missing any episode of a favorite show, the access to acquire what is wanted is delimited by just any means. Corporations are everywhere, go to any place in the United States and there are the hundred corporations waiting just to serve you.American tastes accessibly satisfied anywhere nowadays. The proliferation of American products and corporations dedicated in giving them is not just mere coincidence of society development, but a result of globalization and the trend of conscious disintegration of American attitudes and values, aptly stated, is cultural imperialism.(Galeota, 2004) In 1976, theorist Herbert Schiller defines cultural imperialism as â€Å"the sum processes by which society is brought into the modern world system, and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced, and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions top correspond to, or even promote, the values and structures of the dominant center of the system†. (Galeota, 2004) This statement regards the influence of corporate America as not involving simple consumer goods, but rather the fact those American principles such as freedom and happiness disseminates.Although this is appealing at first glance, in a way it show how society is progressing, it covers the awful truth that many cultures in America, held by moral values and principles are gradually disappearing because of the influence of corporate America. There are many motivations to which American cultural imperialism can be attributed to. Throughout history, there has been the desire to access foreign markets and the belief of the superior America, dominating the world.This desire now transforms into greater desire to control not just the foreign markets, but also the entire consumers of the world, not just in America. This is the enabling factor for business enterprises to expa nd and franchise. The American corporation domination results to local enterprises’ suffering. And because American corporations are able to gain profit, and conveniently serve America interest, they disregard the detrimental effects of American corporations’ control of the global market.Historically, materialism in America can be attributed to the Protestant Ethics and the Expansion of merchants in America. The first reason, attributed to the study of Max Weber â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† (1904-1905), states that because the original settlers of America are Calvinists, their beliefs supplies moral energy and drive towards a capitalist entrepreneur. (M. , 2001) They worked their way into development towards the accumulation of work, but at the same time lived simple lives and failed to enjoy the fruits of their labor.(M. , 2001) This is the principle that governs the protestant ethic, that hard work is essential with simple living. M ore so, the ethic prescribed attributes religious reasons for the manner by which people and society should live. The idea is that hard work is prescribed by God, one of the reasons why we exist. Thus wealth is God-given and seen as God’s reward to those who works hard. This attitude also relates to the nineteenth century belief of the jingoists which attempted to fulfill what according to them was divinely ordained American expansion.The other reason for corporate America’s influence on materialism lies in the expansion of merchants during the 1920’s headed by the group Great merchants (the Sears & Roebuck, Wanamaker’s, and Marshall Fields). (W. , 1993) The group experienced difficulties in expanding their business and thus was motivated to think of ways to have new methods in merchandising, fashion, advertising and consumer credit. Consumer credit became popular as businesses were getting more from credit taxes and interests. Even through the Great Mark et Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression, America did not lose its taste for consumerism and profit.Newer corporations experienced the need for greater mass seduction and gaining of profit after a period of the market’s recession. This did not hinder merchants to expand their options. Business schools started to emerge and the new theories in economics are now greatly reserved for the study concerning business and marketing. Marketing is one of the greatest influences on American materialism brought by corporate America. Advertisements, posters, billboards and others now promises greater benefits for the consumer at a cost which can be redeemed through work and even consumer credit.What this does is to project the image of America as provider of all things and the land of greatness- the reason for American consumers’ clamor for products. Corporation which reached the global market had employed localized strategies to gain their stance in a globally competitive world. Corporations are now capable to expand and sell their product worldwide with the thought that if in America they gain profit, much more in other countries. (W. , 1993) Corporate America influenced not just American consumers to become materialistic, but even global consumers.Corporations have succeeded in making them superior and globally competitive. Products and other items can easily be acquired and consumers find these products as necessity more than luxury goods. Money does not buy happiness. The essential goal in living a full life is not just mere acquisition of money to buy anything you want, or whatever is the hottest item in the market today. What is important is setting the priority to recognize the intangible rewards or life: family, love, relationships, friendships and others.Section 2: No, Corporations does not cause Materialism Life is about achieving happiness. Borrowing Socrates’ thoughts, the goal in life is to pursue happiness. Happiness comes in many forms ; certainly the general idea on happiness comes from acquiring material possession or from the intangible perks of living life, like love, family and friends. The person who thinks of today will account wealth as an important factor in his happiness- not just being satisfied emotionally, spiritually and morally, but also materially.In psychology’s basic needs, we account food, shelter and clothing as the primary needs of the individual. Accomplishing those needs means that the person can now start to live his life comfortable. But as development in society transpires, as people sees the potential of available resources and service to other people as well, the concept of having more than the basic is a reason to work hard and do good in a chosen career. Having wealth is a personal and subjective goal.When one has money, this does not mean that he/she is intrinsically materialistic, it can be said that the benefits of having money in a corporate and capitalism dominated world m eans a comfortable life for families and people. Work pays off with financial gains, and the more hard work put into it, the more rewards for a hard day’s work. People who are somehow viewed as materialistic is charged with this false accusation. It can be realized that with wealth, happiness and other aesthetic meanings to life can be the ultimate and final goal of the person.Acquisition of wealth is now deemed as a way to meet the ends. In a capitalist dominated world, corporate America is now greatly influenced with theories on the economy and business sector. These sectors can be stated as governing factors in the way people live. A country’s market economy is a determinant and a reflection of the people in the society lives. In America, considered as one of the biggest nations in the world; the most competitive, and rich country, had made it a point to provide American consumers their needs and wants.To satisfy their need with their financial ability contributed t o their stance in a globally competitive world. Corporations and businesses should not be blamed for the materialistic Americans. Some Americans work hard for their money, even to the point of having no time for their family and personal life. We cannot blame Americans who has set their priority to work, because behind it, there lays the reason that they want to provide for their family and achieve a sense of self-fulfillment by accomplishing their goals in their careers.It can also be said that those accused materialistic Americans are just reaping their rewards of hard work that their intention is to live fruitfully their given hard labor. After all, they deserve it. Corporations is not a reason for the materialistic America, their main goal is to provide consumers with a range of products they need, they want, and can afford. The society should also not be blamed for spending money or regarding financial status as important in their lives, after all, the true reason behind it all is to be self-fulfilled and happy.Let us look behind the actions and focus on the reasons that reflect who Americans really are, people who are in pursuit of their happiness. Reference: Galeota, J. (2004). Cultural imperialism: an American tradition [Electronic Version], 1. Retrieved April 23 from http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G1-116733753. html. M. , W. (2001). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (T. Parsons, Trans. ). New York: Routledge. W. , L. (1993). Land of Desire, merchants, Power and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Random House.

Utilitarianism Vs Libertarianism Utilitarianism And...

In one of the courses I am currently enrolled, â€Å"Social Justice† our class spend copious amount of days talking about Utilitarianism and Libertarianism. These are two important theory’s that have been discussed for a very long time. These are two philosophies that elaborates how the citizen pleases to live by. Utilitarianism and Libertarianism may have similar things in common but at the same time they are very distinguishable. The Utilitarianism theory tries to maximize the happiness of the community and minimize the pain over all. On the other hand, Libertarianism focus on individual rights. They strive for freedom. As many may know that Utilitarianism and Libertarianism are two well-known theories wither it have been discussed in your†¦show more content†¦Being that Utilitarianism supports a free market economy, then owners of stores or when worldwide business are able to alter the price of whatever they please. In another word, it’s just like a m onopoly to a certain extend. A monopoly is when there is no competing when it comes to markets. For example, if Apple I-phones was the only types of phone in the United Stated then the people would not have an option but to purchase that phone. This intertwines with Utilitarianism because any business can raise the prices of the items in their store. The example that Sandel used in his novel, â€Å"Stores that normally sold small household generators for $250 were now asking $2,000† (Sandel 2009). Just because there is a storm and hurricane the companies that are in charge of generators, hotels or roof repairs can charge whatever they please. The second philosophy that will be mention is, Libertarianism. This theory focuses on individual rights, common currency of value, free market and most important collective happiness. Libertarianism believe that there is no such thing as redistribution of wealth. It is not morally right to resell or taunt with incomes, land reform or ta xation. They also believe that the government knows what right for the people. In the novel Sandel mentioned, â€Å"Taxing the rich to help the poor is not morally correct, it violates their right to do what they want with the things they own† (Sandel 2009). Many rich individuals mayShow MoreRelatedIntra And Inter Generational Equity2057 Words   |  9 Pagestaste. While Parfit (1997) and Weston (2012) discusses Utilitarian vs. egalitarian concepts; Narveson (Gabor, 2013) argues that principle of maximum happiness for the greatest number of persons is at odds with any duty to increase the population, regardless of circumstances. Furthermore, there is a duty not to bring children to life if the misery of future children can be foreseen, considering that, according to utilitarianism, nothing else matters more than the amount of benefits or injuries thatRead MoreHuman Experience Reflection1445 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic ways of deciding what is just and unjust. Each of the readings helped me look at situations with different perspectives to analyze a problem that must be addressed, like poverty. From these readings, I have learned that the belief of what is right vs wrong is situational and systematic ways of justice cannot be constant across all situations. The philosophies of justice we read can each be deemed correct or incorrect dependin g on the perspective of the situation. For example, this semester weRead MorePrinciples of Microeconomics Fifth Canadian Edition20085 Words   |  81 Pagesand Applications 412 Income Inequality around the World 438 The Poverty Rate 439 Problems in Measuring Inequality 440 Economic Mobility 442 IN THE NEWS: Child Poverty 443 The Political Philosophy of Redistributing Income 444 Utilitarianism 444 Liberalism 445 Libertarianism 446 Policies to Reduce Poverty 447 Minimum-Wage Laws 448 Welfare 448 Negative Income Tax 449 In-Kind Transfers 449 Employment Insurance 450 IN THE NEWS: EI and Work Incentives Conclusion 452 Summary 453 Key Concepts 453 Questions

World War I Timeline 1914, The War Begins

When war broke out in 1914, there was public and political support from within almost every belligerent nation. The Germans, who faced enemies to their east and west, relied on what was called the Schlieffen Plan, a strategy demanding a swift and decisive invasion of France so all forces could then be sent east to defend against Russia (even though it wasnt so much of a plan as a vague outline that had been fluffed out badly); however, France and Russia planned invasions of their own. June 28: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian activist. The Austrian Emperor and royal family dont hold Franz Ferdinand in high regard but are happy to use it as political capital.July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. The fact it has taken a month betrays their cynical decision to use it to finally attack Serbia. Some have argued that, had they attacked sooner, it would have been an isolated war.July 29: Russia, Serbias ally, orders the mobilization of troops. Doing so all but ensures a larger war will occur.Aug. 1: Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declares war on Russia and demands the neutrality of Russias ally France; France refuses and mobilizes.Aug. 3: Germany declares war on France. Suddenly, Germany is fighting the two front war they long feared.Aug. 4: Germany invades neutral Belgium, almost as per the Schlieffen Plan to knock-out France; Britain responds by declaring war on Germany. This was not an automatic decisio n because of Belgium, and might not have happened.August: Britain begins a Distant Blockade of Germany, cutting off vital resources; declarations continue throughout the month, with the British, French and Russian Empires on one side (the Entente Powers, or Allies), and the German and Austro-Hungarian on the other (the Central Powers), until everyone is officially at war with their opponents.Aug. 10 - Sept. 1: Austrian invasion of Russian Poland.Aug. 15: Russia invades East Prussia. Germany hoped Russia would mobilize slowly due to a backward transport system, but they are faster than expected.Aug. 18: The USA declares itself neutral. In practice, it supported the Entente with money and trade.Aug. 18: Russia invades Eastern Galicia, makes fast progress.Aug. 23: Hindenburg and Ludendorff is  given command of the German Eastern Front after the previous German commander recommends a fallback.Aug. 23-24: Battle of Mons, where British slow German advance.Aug. 26 - 30: Battle of Tannenb erg - Germany shatter the invading Russians and transform the fate of the Eastern Front. This is partly due to Hindenburg and Ludendorff and partly due to someone elses plan.Sept.  4 - 10: First Battle of the Marne halts German invasion of France. The German plan has failed and the war will last years.Sept.  7 - 14: First Battle of the Masurian Lakes - Germany beats Russia again.Sept.  9 - 14: The Great Retreat (1, WF), where German troops retreat back to the river Aisne; the German commander, Moltke, replaced by Falkenhayn.Sept.  2 - Oct. 24: First Battle of Aisne followed by the Race to the Sea, where Allied and German troops continually outflank each other to the north-west until they reach the North Sea coastline. (WF)Sept. 15: Cited, probably legendarily, as the day trenches are first dug on the Western Front.Oct. 4: Joint German/Austro-Hungarian invasion of Russia.Oct. 14: First Canadian Troops arrive in Britain.Oct. 18 -  Nov. 12: First Battle of Ypres (WF).Nov.   2: Russia declares war on Turkey.Nov. 5: Turkey joins the Central Powers; Britain and France declare war on her.Dec.  1 - 17: Battles of Limanowa, in which Austrian forces save their lines and prevent Russia attacking Vienna.Dec. 21: First German air raid on Britain.Dec. 25: Troops share an unofficial Christmas Truce in the Western Front trenches. The corrupted Schlieffen plan had failed, leaving the belligerents in a race to outflank each other; by Christmas the stagnated Western Front comprised over 400 miles of trench, barbed wire, and fortifications. There were already 3.5 million casualties. The East was more fluid and home to actual battlefield successes, but nothing decisive and Russias massive manpower advantage remained. All thoughts of a quick victory had gone: the war was not over by Christmas. The belligerent nations now had to scramble to change into machines capable of fighting a long war.