The Hunger Games And It s The One I Just Finished Reading

The best book series in the world finally exist. It s called the Hunger Games. Even people who hate reading love it since it is that good of a book. The first book in this series is called the Hunger Games and it s the one I just finished reading. This book gives society a twist, and changes the way people think because finally, for once in a story, the female lead character is the one who can fight better. I m sick of all those stories where they portray women as weak and need a man to save them. I hate stories like that and hunger games is finally a story in which the woman is the one saving the man. I would recommend this book to anyone and I think that even if you hate books in general you should read this book sometime in your†¦show more content†¦Her worlds flow smooth into your head and never confuse you. Even amazing books like Divergent confused me before when the writer was talking about how she s in a glass box but then suddenly the main character feels concrete a round her. That was so confusing and I never remember once being confused like that in this book nor do I remember any grammar mistakes. Now let s start with the ending since I just can t stop thinking about it. It was such a relief that Katniss Everdeen won the hunger games along with Peeta. I remember when Rue told Katniss, You have to win, and finally she did win. It was a little scary at the end however since there was a chance Cato would win. But luckily Katniss and Peeta were fighting together on the same side and were powerful enough to defeat him. After Cato fell off the cornucopia and into the mutts I feel bad for Katniss and Peeta for having to listen to his screams. They had to listen to his screams for so long in the cold. In the hunger games it gets really cold at night so could you imagine such a night to sleep in. You are in the dark and extremely cold on top of a cornucopia and the whole night you have to listen to the screams of someone being slowly ate by Capitol e ngineered mutts. Also you know that if you fall down from the cornucopia you will die a painful death and scream just like the Cato who is slowly dying. Katniss is an amazing person because she was generous enough to

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Religion, Politics and Morals in Voltaire’s Candide

â€Å"Religion, Politics and Morals† How did Voltaire exploit the pre-modern era through mockery and criticism of 18th century society? Voltaire’s Candide can be understood in several ways by its audience. At a first glance it would appear to be simply a story blessed with outrageous creativity, but if you look deeper in to the novel, a more complicated and meaningful message is buried within. Voltaire uses the adventures of Candide as a representation of what he personally feels is wrong within in society. Written in the 18th century (1759), known commonly as the age of enlightenment, Voltaire forces his audience to consider the shift from tradition to freedom within society. He achieves this by exploring the reality of human suffering due to†¦show more content†¦As Candide was forced in to the army and treated extremely badly, Voltaire is expressing his criticism of political power being unfair and out of control, forcing people to do certain things. With authoritive figures exercising their political powers in an unjust fashion, Voltaire feels that freedom of expression, something he strongly advoc ated, was being jeopardized. Politics are continued to be criticised throughout the novel in the same way religion was attacked. Examples can be found in Chapter 6 were Lisbon authorities burn â€Å"heretics† to prevent future natural disasters, Chapter 13 suggests governors receiving sexual favours from their female subjects and Chapter 19 sees business men mistreating their slaves. Each of these examples sees characters within the story misusing their power and authority to benefit them personally. Voltaire uses these examples to show on different levels how politically incorrect society was during the pre-modern period, something he felt desperately need to change. The final aspect of society during the age of enlightenment that Voltaire attacks is morals of the people. Many examples can be found within the story to suggest the morals of society were far fromShow MoreRelatedVoltaire s Candide : A Critique Of Politics And Religion During The Age Of Enlightenment1500 Words   |  6 Pagespublished Candide, ou l Optimisme simultaneously in five European countries in January of 1759, it was met with widespread denouncement due to its controversial content and scandalous portrayal of politics and religion. Nevertheless, the bitingly satirical novel fervently spread throughout Europe and was translated into several more languages, selling tens of thousands of copies within its first year of publication (Barnes). Despite being first categorized as dangerous blasphemy, Candide is now regardedRead MoreVoltaire s Candide And Dante s Inferno1562 Words   |  7 PagesIn Voltaire’s Candide and Dante’s Inferno they offer two takes on their vi ews of religion. In Voltaire’s Candide he satires religion and questions it because of how morally corrupt religious are and how wrong it is to persecute another person’s religion. In Dante’s Inferno he reflects and shows why his religious beliefs are the reasons why people are in hell as well as why his religion justifies certain people being in hell. In Voltaire’s Candide religion is one of the main targets of what VoltaireRead More`` Candide `` A Satire Of The Social, And The Scientific Revolution1608 Words   |  7 Pagescalled for moral, social, and political thought to rely on the scientific method and reason rather than the current system of tradition cultural authorities. These changes and ideas continued into the Enlightenment. During his time Franà §ois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), who wrote under the name Voltaire, was an Enlightenment thinker who helped invoke this change. One way he did this was through his novel Candide, a satire of the issues in society. Throughout this book, the character Candide experiencesRead MoreEssay on Candide1469 Words   |  6 PagesCandide Essay Toward the beginning of the 18th century, a new ideology began to take hold of Europe. It was during this time that a radical and critical revolution took place to bring about the use of rational thought and enlighten the people about their own beliefs and values; thus igniting the period of Enlightenment. In this period many people followed the teachings of their forefathers, such as Socrates, who was considered a figure of skepticism and rational thought. Challenging all viewsRead MoreSynopsis Of Voltaire s Candide 1011 Words   |  5 PagesAP English: Major Works Data Sheet Title: Candide Author: Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet) Date of Publication: 1959 Genre: Satire Biographical information about the author Francois-Marie Arouet, Voltaire, was born in 1604 in Paris, France. He was passionate about writing. 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His widespreadRead More The Confused Males of Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, Voltaire’s Candide, Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels2506 Words   |  11 PagesThe Confused Males of Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, Voltaire’s Candide, Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, Sterne’s Tristram Shandy, and Rousseau’s First and Second Discourses â€Å"Now my father was then holding one of his second beds of justice, and was musing within himself about the hardships of matrimony, as my mother broke silence.— —My brother Toby, quoth she, is going to be married to Mrs. Wadman.† —Then he will never, quoth my father, be able to lie diagonally in his bed again as long as heRead MoreKants Theory of Enlightenment5012 Words   |  21 Pagesof the Enlightenment, a philosophical, cultural, and political movement that tried to institute the rule of Reason in all areas of life. Reason was to replace blind faith and superstition in religion, autocratic and arbitrary rule in administration and government, brute force and devious cunning in politics, the dead weight of tradition in social institutions and culture, and primitive instincts or uncontrolled feelings in personal relations and ethics.   The Enlightenment aimed at a future for

The Two Superpowers and the Arab-Israeli Conflict between...

The USA and the USSR were the two existing superpowers at the height of Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East from 1948-1978. Each superpower wanted to increase their sphere of influence in the region as they sought to gain strategic and geographical advantages as well as safeguarding their economic and resource interests, especially with regard to the supply of oil. Both superpowers fuelled the regional conflict by providing Middle Eastern countries with financial and military assistance in an attempt to align these states politically and promote their respective interests. However, the Cold War superpowers were not the direct cause of the conflict, which sprang from diverse religious beliefs and nationalism. The USA and USSR were both party to the UN Partition Plan of 1947 that led to the declaration of the state of Israel. Although not responsible for the 1948 War of Liberation, from which Israel emerged victorious, perceived Zionist support by the West fuelled nationalist sentiment and set the stage for future increased involvement by the superpowers. Guilt over the Holocaust, as well as strong Jewish lobbyists in the US prompted the US to extend extensive loans to aid new immigrants settling in the state of Israel, according to Ben-Gurion’s â€Å"Law of Return†. Sixty-five million US dollars was lent to the fledgling state to strengthen Israeli infrastructure. When these funds were used to construct homes for Jewish settlers, where thousands of displaced PalestiniansShow MoreRelatedSuper Power Involvement in the Middle East1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe superpowers, namely the USSR and US were in engaged in a war by proxy, which is very easy to identify if you analyze the conflicts in the Middle East from 1948 until, and including, the Yom Kippur War of 1978. The superpowers would employ tactics such as supplying their various ‘allies’ in the Middle East with weapons and finances which would afford them the ability to engage in the many conflicts that took place in that period such as the Suez Crisis, Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War. AllRead MoreTo What Extent Was the Middle East Conflict between 1948 and 1978 Fuelled by the Interests and Concerns of the Superpowers in the Region2093 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Middle East conflict between 1948 to 1978 fuelled by the interests and concerns of the superpowers in the region? From 1948 to 1978, in the Middle East, the two superpowers at the time the USA and the USSR were trying to exert their spheres of influence in the Middle East. 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Grade 10 Cells and Cell Specialization Review Free Essays

Cells, Cell Division, and Cell Specialization Fundamentally Different Types of Cell Prokaryotic Cell- single celled: only DNA+ structure (â€Å"before nucleus†) E. g. zygote-complete DNA Eukaryotic Cell-multi-celled (â€Å"after nucleus†) ProkaryotesEukaryotes DNAIn â€Å"nucleoid† regionWithin membrane-bound nucleus ChromosomesSingle, circularMultiple, linear OrganellesNoneMembrane-bound organelles SizeUsually smallerUsually larger- 50 times OrganizationUsually single-celledOften multicellular Sexual ReproductionNoneMeiosis: Combination of DMA from 2 cells 3 postulates of cell theory (Created by Schleiden, Schwann) . We will write a custom essay sample on Grade 10 Cells and Cell Specialization Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now All living things are composed of cells 2. All cells from pre-existing cells (e. g. through cell division) 3. Cells are the basic functional units of living organisms Functions of organelles OrganelleIn business termsFunctions CytoplasmPlace to work-suspends organelles -stores substances that are needed for later -many chemical reactions take place CytoskeletonPlace to work-transports vesicles and organelles -determines cell shape E. g. while blood cell: uses it to reach and swallow bacterium Ribosome/ EnzymesWorkers-makes proteins that enter the ER for modification NucleusThe boss-protects DNA chromosome: large continuous piece of DNA, containing many genes -gene: many sets of instructions on a chromosome, make functional products -nucleolus: region of DNA that codes ribosomes -nuclear pore: holes in a nuclear membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Internal transportation-transports materials throughout the cell with its branching tubes and pockets -brain: assists with production, release of hormone -muscles: involved with muscle contraction Golgi ApparatusExports transportation-collect and process materials to be removed from the cell -make and secrete mucus Cell MembraneSecurity/ export/import-support the cell allow some substances to enter while keeping others out (semi-permeable) Chloroplasts Cash flow-absorb light energy for photosynthesis? the process of converting carbon dioxide and water in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll MitochondriaSpender of cash-make energy available to the cell -contains enzymes? convert stored energy into a easily usable form ( cellular respiration) LysosomesWaste removal/ recycling-digestive system of cell? break down waste from both inside and outside the cell Vacuoles Storage-contain substance, removing unwanted maintaining internal turgor pressure within the cell Differentiating between plant and animal organelles AnimalsPlants Lysosome: present in all animal cells but not allCell Wall: provides structural support, prevents cells from rupturing, outside of cell membrane Centrioles: involved in cell divisionChloroplasts: absorb light energy for photosynthesis? the process of converting carbon dioxide and water in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll Vacuole: a portion of the cell membrane may turn inside out to form a vacuole to digest the engulfed objectVacuole: controls turgor pressure, much larger Reasons who cells must divide 1. Reproduction -all cells use division to reproduce -single celled organisms: split to form new organism (asexual reproduction) -multi celled organisms: 2 parental cells combine to form new organism (sexual reproduction) 2. Growth -transport of nutrients and waste across the cell limits cell size (diffusion: from highly concentrated areas to lower concentrated areas) -movement of chemical occurs by diffusion? cells get too large, chemical and water can’t move fast -only way to get bigger and still function properly is to add more cells 3. Repair/Regeneration -needed to stay alive E. g. kin cells replaced daily, red blood cells replaced ever 120 days, breaking bones or cuts and blisters: new cells needed to fill the gaps -replaces lost cells Why do cells specialize? Cells have exact same DNA in its nucleus? location and chemical messages from other cells activate certain genes. As a result each cell has a unique function in which they must perform Types of stem cells â€Å"Undif ferentiated† Totipotent-â€Å"embryonic† stem cells E. g. zygote ?Completely undifferentiated E. g. cells from first few divisions after fertilization ? Can become any type ? Destroys the embryo when collected Pluripotent- â€Å"adult† stem cells E. g. trophoblast Already partially differentiated and located in specific body tissues E. g. bone marrow, umbilical cord ? Can become many types, but not all Multipotent ? Can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types Cancer- What and how it forms What: When genes that control the duration of interphase get mutations (random changes in DNA code) that causes a cell to grow out of control. As a result it forms a tumor (lumps of cells) that doesn’t fully differentiate or function properly, using valuable resources Tumor Types 1. Benign (non-cancerous): cells don’t interfere or invade other cells, but large masses can crowd nearby tissues 2. Malignant (cancerous): interferes or invades other cells, nearby tissues and potentially mestasize Mestasize: process of cancer cells dividing and going to other places in the body by breaking away from an invasive primary tumor, forming additional secondary tumors Causes of Cancer 1. Cellular: DNA is copied improperly during S phase of cell cycle 2. Environmental: mutations caused by carcinogens (E. g. chemicals, energy, some viruses) Methods of Screening Cancer -Pap smear (cervical cancer) -Mammogram (breast cancer) -Colonoscopy (colorectal cancer) -PSA blood test (prostate cancer) -Self-Examination Biopsy: removal of body tissue for laboratory examination (E. g. taken with endoscope) Methods of diagnosing cancer -Endoscopy: Camera and tissue extractor -X-ray: uses radiations to get images of tissues -Ultrasound: uses sound waves to create images of soft tissues -CT/Cat Scan: Computer Axial Tomography creates #. D images MRI Scan: Magnetic Resonance Imaging creates #. D image using magnetic fields and radio waves and computer analysis Different methods of treating cancer -Surgery: physically removing -Chemotherapy: treating with a series of drugs that target rapidly dividing cells -Radiation: killing cancer cells with target radiation Biophotonics: uses beams of light to detect and treat cancer Different parts of the cell cycle- Description Interphase: -period before a cell divides -longest part of the cycle (3/4 of its time) -cell grows, performs daily functions and chromosomes are duplicated S-Stage of Interphase Strands of the SNA are copied but remain attacted to the original protein Mitosis: process by which all cells divide (to divide up the DNA that has been copied and create 2 identical cells each with a complete set of chromosomes Prophase: duplicated chromosomes shorten and thicken (chromatin begins to condense by supercoiling, wrapping around protein balls -nuclear membrane starts to dissolve) -spindle fibres (made of microtubles) form -centrioles move to opposite ends (poles of the cell) Metaphase: -double stranded chromosomes line up along the equator (middle of the cell) Anaphase: -each double stranded chromosome splits and the single stranded chromosomes travel along the spindle fibres to opposite e nds of the cell -sister chromatids get pulled apart Telophase: -chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and become longer and thinner -new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes -spindle fibres disappear -supercoiled DNA begins to uncoil to form chromatin again Cytokinesis: -division of cytoplasm and cellular organelles (pinching off to form individual cells) Plant cells: grow a new cell plate built with proteins to form a new membrane) Result: mother cell splits in half to form 2 daughter cells Drawing the cell cycle How to cite Grade 10 Cells and Cell Specialization Review, Essay examples

Volkswagen Viral Marketing for Volkswagen - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theVolkswagen Viral Marketing for Volkswagen. Answer: The model Citi Golf by Volkswagen was introduced in the country in the year 1984 and this car had the topmost demand in the market South African market as it was economical as well as it served all the demands of the customers of the country. But due to some major rules and regulations of the government of the country and also due to lack of safety on the part of the car, Volkswagen had to stop the production of this car and for that a campaign was announced for the people of South Africa in order to say goodbye to this car model. The campaign that was arranged by Volkswagen was based on a traditional approach and was a past oriented campaign. In todays world, the campaigns are not generally based in the past oriented features or the products of the company but this particular campaign from the part of the Volkswagen was based in the past and featured Citi Golf as a part of the campaign which was getting withdrawn from the South African market. This campaign was arranged with a motive to create brand recognition on the part of the customers of Volkswagen and an attempt was made to reach the customers perceived value of the services and the product value that is provided by the brand (Theron, 2012). As, with the closure of this particular product in the market, Volkswagen was planning to launch a new premium version of the same product, thus a campaign based on the past product, which is Citi Golf was arranged to create the demand for the premium version of the same product. Also, with the help of this particul ar campaign, the last few models of the Citi Golf was sold in the market with the help of the auction which states that fact that the price that was spent in the campaign by Volkswagen had paid off with the auction of the last few models of car and at the same time the promotion of the new premium version of Citi Golf was done in the market. Ogilvy, a partner of Volkswagen promotion in the South African market also helped a lot to promote the campaign that was organized by Volkswagen in the market with the help of different types of communication process through social media and also organized various places across various towns of the country in order to stop there so that people of the country who are emotional about the product, can sign their goodbye message on the car and be a part of the campaign (Ogilvy, 2013). There was also live recording that was telecasted in new channels and for all the promotion that has been done throughout the country; ZAR 16 million was the income from the special edition of the Citi Golf which states that fact that price played an important part in the campaign. For the success of a campaign, there are various methods of quantitative as well as qualitative measures that can be used in order to determine its success. The campaigns are conducted in order attract the potential customers of the organization towards the product and the services of the organization and for that reason, the outcomes of the campaigns are very significant to determine whether the results of the campaign are positive or negative. The following ways can be used in order to evaluate the effectiveness of a campaign which is mentioned below: Qualitative Measures: The qualitative measures that can be sued in order to measure the effectiveness of a campaign are mentioned below: Brand Recognition: Brand recognition on part of the organization can be a qualitative measure of the campaign that has been done by the organization (Zvilichovsky et al., 2015). The measurement of the brand recognition can be done after the campaign had taken place and when the customers are able to identify the brand easily it can be said that the brand recognition on the part of the customers has increased with the help of the campaign and this is one of the main qualitative measures of the campaign. Customer Perception: The campaign on the part of the organization can also change the perception of the customers on the part of the brand (Bign et al., 2012). After the campaign the perception of the customers towards the brand can be calculated and when in calculation, it has been found that the perception of the customers are positive towards the brand, it can be said that the campaign is successful and this is another way of measuring the perception of the customers. Quantitative Measures: Apart from the qualitative ways to measure the effectiveness of the campaign, there are also quantitative ways with the help of which the effectiveness of the campaign can be measured which are mentioned below: Sales: The marketing campaign of an organization focuses upon increase of the sales of the company services and the products and for that reason, the sales can of the company should be checked after the marketing campaign and if there is an increase in the sales of the organization, it can be said that the marketing campaign is successful, as in the case study, it can be seen that with the help of the marketing campaign of Citi Golf, the last few models got sold in high rate in the auction. Revenue: Revenue is also an important determinant of the positivity of the campaign that takes place on the part of the company. The higher the revenue of the organization in the end of a financial year in which the campaign had taken place, the higher is the positive effects of the campaign that it had on the customers of the organization and the revenue determines the quantitative measurement of the campaign (Parente et al., 2014). With the help of the viral making campaign, Volkswagen is able to promote the premium model of the Citi Golf model of the brand which is extremely popular in South Africa. In order to make the campaign for the goodbye tour of old Citi Golf model a viral one, the company made a lot of effort to have an impact of the emotion of the customers of the organization. As de to some regulations of the South African Government and due to lack of road safety, the most popular car in South African roads were pulled off from the market, Vlkswagen with the help of Ogilvy, the promotion partner of the company arranged a campaign in the country where social media promotion was off course there along with promoting the brand over the televisions news channels and also through YouTube videos. The customers of the brands were attracted over to sign their messages for biding a goodbye to the most popular and favourite car of the country and this was arranged in various towns throughout the country (Gree nhouse, 2014). There was also a huge travel route which was designed by Ogilvy which the last manufactured Citi Golf in the country travelled and some special edition pieces was then kept for sale with the help of the auction which helped the company to earn a lot of money in the last few cars of the company. The signature and the messages of the emotionally attached customers also engaged the customers of the brand physically towards the campaign and that is the reason the campaign went viral over the country and also in the internet with the help of the social media site page creation and also through the live telecasting of campaign in YouTube. As the customers of the country are attached to this particular brand emotionally, the launch of the premium segment of this particular model is a superior idea from the managing director David Powel. Thus, running the campaign on the basis of the emotional upsurge of the customers at the correct time made the campaign go viral and it also helped the brand to sale the last few products of the particular model at high price at auction which is a positive aspect which was played by the viral marketing campaign (Denning, 2015). In large organizations such as Volkswagen, the marketing strategy of the company should be designed in such a way that it fulfils the objectives of the company. The marketing manager have various responsibility to formulate the marketing strategies of the organization which can fulfil the company objectives and for that reason, there are a variety of steps that the marketing managers need to follow: Firstly, the marketing manager views the objectives of the company and tries to formulate the marketing strategy in line with the company objectives (Lantos, 2015). Secondly, it should be known to the managers that what is the product of the company and what services does the company produce in order to segment the market according to the customers and target the customers of the organization. Also the positioning of the products are done by the marketing managers depending upon the products that the organizations manufacturing. For instance, when the product is a fuel efficient car, then the target is the medium and lower segment of the economy. Thirdly, the marketing mix of the company is designed by the marketing managers as per the budget that has been allocated to the manager and for that reason; the managers also have to depend on the product specification and the amount of product that will be manufactured (Fifield, 2012). Fourthly, the marketing promotional activities depend on the market that the company tries to reach for the sale of their products and for instance, if the company tries to reach a market of short number of customers, then the promotional activity that will be used by the marketing managers can be local newspapers, local television channels and so on, while a huge market can be captured with the help of promotional activities through social media and television or radio. Social networking is a buzzword in the 21st century and it is full of people from younger generation as well as people from older generation (Erdo?mu? and Cicek, 2012). Social media sites like Facebook is hugely populated and there are many organizations which promotes there campaign with the help of the social media sites and the campaign Goodbye Citi Golf was also promoted with the help of Facebook which helped it a lot to get popularity. With the help of the creation of the pages in facebook, the marketing campaign attracted the customers from all over the country and especially the youths of the country took part in the campaign as the youths are there in large number in facebook. There are various benefits of facebook marketing campaign that helped Volkswagen which is mentioned below: Firstly, the marketing campaign that occurred in Facebook and was conducted by Volkswagen and their partner Ogilvy was promoted in a very low cost, as the cost of promotion of campaign is very low in facebook and it helped Volkswagen to save their cost. Secondly, with the help of the interaction with the community and the customers with the help of the facebook pages, Volkswagen was able to promote the campaign more and this helped in the popularity of the campaign. Thirdly, with the Goodbye Citi Golf campaign, Volkswagen was removing their old version of the Citi Golf model and was launching the premium version of the car and it was discussed with the prospective clients about the prices, specs and other features of the premium car that was about to get launched with the help of facebook page. Lastly, facebook likes and shares helped Volkswagen a lot to spread the awareness about the campaign to the potential customers of the country and thus it can be said that Facebok played a pretty important role in the promotion of the campaign Goodbye Citi Golf. The long term consumers was also affected by the campaign that was prompted with the help of Facebook as they are emotionally attached with the brand and it can be said that in spite of being a long term customer, the departure of their favourite model of the car brought sad news to them, but at the same time the launch of the premium segment news of the car brought a joy to their mind with the help of the social media site announcement (Hortlik, 2014). References: Theron, W., 2012. The impact of new media on motoring journalism in South Africa (Doctoral dissertation). Ogilvy, D., 2013. Ogilvy on advertising. Vintage. Zvilichovsky, D., Inbar, Y. and Barzilay, O., 2015. Playing both sides of the market: Success and reciprocity on crowdfunding platforms. Bign, E., Currs-Prez, R. and Alds-Manzano, J., 2012. Dual nature of cause-brand fit: Influence on corporate social responsibility consumer perception. European Journal of Marketing, 46(3/4), pp.575-594. Parente, D. and Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K., 2014. Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. Cengage Learning. Greenhouse, S., 2014. Volkswagen vote is defeat for labor in South. New York Times, 14. Denning, A., 2015. The People's Car: A Global History of the Volkswagen Beetle by Bernhard Rieger (review). German Studies Review, 38(1), pp.206-208. Lantos, G.P., 2015. Consumer behavior in action: Real-life applications for marketing managers. Routledge. Fifield, P., 2012. Marketing strategy. Routledge. Erdo?mu?, ?.E. and Cicek, M., 2012. The impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, pp.1353-1360. Hortlik, J., 2014. International Communication Strategies of Volkswagen.

ICT Developments - Ethical - Social - and Legal Issues- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theICT Developments, Ethical, Social, and Legal Issues. Answer: ACS Codes of professional practice are principles for setting guidelines for acceptable methods of practice within information technology industry. In the ICT all software development has to be carried out following established codes of conduct. Given that the company paid for the usability testing and that employees are bound by the terms of the contract signed, they are free to leave the usability test. According to the codes of practice enhancement of quality of life, development of ICT has some negative impacts that an ethical approach to the work can help mitigate these effects. In accordance with these values, the entity needs to protect and promote the health of those affected by their work. If in the course of the usability test the health and safety of those involved are put at risk they are free to leave it. The entity is required to understand and give due regard to those who are affected by their work by increasing the feeling of personal satisfaction and controlling those affected. In a case where these values arent taken into consideration, the team members can leave the usability test (Bowern Weckert, 2006). Moreover, the interest of the public should come before those of the business hence any conflict should be resolved in favor of the public interest. The business is required to enhance the quality of lives of those affected by their operations. The internal team doing the system testing needs to be made aware of any conflict of interest that the business may be faced with and advised accordingly. (Barry and Sachdeva, 2004) The linguistic devices that the prime minister uses in his speech are as discussed in the following paragraphs. First, repetition. Repetition consists of phrases, words that have been repeated to add emphasis or power to the subject matter. A carefully planned and executed repetition increases the effectiveness of a message. The use of repeated phrases in a speech creates a greater familiarity with the message resulting in gradual agreement. The speaker uses frequent repetition of emotionally charged phrases such as we are sorry to the affected persons and when urging the Australians to focus on the future. This allows him to reinstate his contention to remind the audience of the urgent issues to which he is attending to (Miller, 2006). Parallel sentence structure refer to those sentences are similar in structure. This similarity makes it easier for listeners to concentrate on the message being passed across. The speaker uses this device for instructions when he asks Australians to embrace a future where all are equal partners with equal opportunities (Bamberg, 2007). Anaphora is another device that was used by the prime minister in his speech. It is a technique of emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginning of adjacent clauses. The speaker used "we are sorry" which was repeated at the end of each sentence. He also used anaphora when concluding his speech. He repeats the phrase "future (Hinrichs, 2006) Lastly, emotive language has been used which may make the listeners have an impression that he is aware of the sufferings of the stolen generation. This is manifested when he apologizes for the pain and sufferings of the stolen generation. This language may convince the audience of his intentions to make up for the mistakes done by the past government. (Drew Holt, 2008) Procrastination refers to putting aside something to be done at a later date. Examples include postponing reading for an examination for movies then study the night before the exam. This a real life example that happened to me whereby I had to wait to forgo my studies for entertainment, later to realize that I had utilized time that I could have used for revision. Report on Leadership Description Week 1-3 Learning Describe Some are born leaders, but others are made leaders. In my three weeks of learning, I was appointed the leader of my group to tackle an assignment. I knew I had to lead by example and so I made sure that communication was done early enough.I encouraged my members to do their research on time and eventually we did a comprehensive report that enabled us to score highly in the assignment Explore All leaders require some skills for them to interact with their members. Leaders need to be able to communicate with members on what they want to achieve and give them direction. In addition, confidence is another skill that enables leaders to maintain the morale of the members when faced with setbacks. For members to work hard and produce quality content .leaders need to be committed showing that hard work is required at all levels. Positive attitude is important for the success of any group hence leaders should possess as it keeps the energy levels of members up (Mumford Fleishman, 2010) Evaluate Succeeding in leadership requires cooperation among the members. Their contributions need to be taken into account. Higher levels of performance are often achieved by enabling members to feel they have a say in how things are to be done. Leaders need to be mindful of other leaders, mentors because they can learn from them (Crebert Cragnolini, 2014). Plan From what I have learned, leaders need to be trained on the leadership skills to perform their work effectively leader should be geared towards not only the development of the team but individuals constructs as well. True leadership is about pushing people to do what they wouldn't do on their own. References Bamberg, M. G. (2007). Positioning between structure and performance. Journal of narrative and life history, 7(1-4), 335-342. Barry, L., Blair, P. G., Cosgrove, E. M., Cruess, R. L., Cruess, S. R., Eastman, A. B., ... Sachdeva, A. K. (2004). One year, and counting, after publication of our ACS Code of Professional Conduct. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 199(5), 736-740. Bowern, M., Burmeister, O., Gotterbarn, D., Weckert, J. (2006). ICT Integrity: Bringing the ACS Code of Ethics up to date. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 13(2). Crebert, G., Bates, M., Bell, B., Patrick, C. J., Cragnolini, V. (2004). Developing generic skills at university, during work placement and in employment: graduates' perceptions. Higher Education Research Development, 23(2), 147-165. Drew, P., Holt, E. (2008). Figures of speech: Figurative expressions and the management of topic transition in conversation. Language in society, 27(4), 495-522. Hinrichs, E. (2006). Temporal anaphora in discourses of English. Linguistics and philosophy, 9(1), 63-82. Miller, J. H. (2006). Ariadne's Thread: Repetition and the Narrative Line. Critical Inquiry, 3(1), 57-77 Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O., Fleishman, E. A. (2010). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems. The Leadership Quarterly Bamberg, M. G. (2007). Positioning between structure and performance. Journal of narrativeAnd life history, 7(1-4), 335-342. Barry, L., Blair, P. G., Cosgrove, E. M., Cruess, R. L., Cruess, S. R., Eastman, A. B., ... Sachdeva, A. K. (2004). One year, and counting, after the publication of our ACS "Code of Professional Conduct." Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 199(5), 736-740. Bowern, M., Burmeister, O., Gotterbarn, D., Weckert, J. (2006). ICT Integrity: Bringing theACS Code of Ethics up to date. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 13(2). Crebert, G., Bates, M., Bell, B., Patrick, C. J., Cragnolini, V. (2004). Developing generic skillsAt university, during work placement, and in employment: graduates' perceptions. Higher Education Research Development, 23(2), 147-165. Drew, P., Holt, E. (2008). Figures of speech: Figurative expressions and the management ofTopic transition in conversation. Language in Society, 27(4), 495-522. Hinrichs, E. (2006). Temporal anaphora in discourses of English. Linguistics and philosophy , 9(1), 63-82. Miller, J. H. (2006). Ariadne's Thread: Repetition and the Narrative Line. Critical Inquiry, 3(1),57-77 Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O., Fleishman, E. A. (2010). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems. The Leadership Quarterly

Ode On Grecian Urn Essays (406 words) - Ode On A Grecian Urn

Ode On Grecian Urn The second stanza in Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn" begins with the statement, "Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/Are sweeter." Keats views art as something that is eternal and lets you experience what's happening in the painting. While he cannot actually hear the music of the young man's pipes, he can just imagine how sweet the melody would sound. If one was to hear music played, it would only please him for the duration of the song, but in looking at a painting of a youth playing pipes one can take pleasure in it every time he looks at the painting. Of course, in Keats' time there were no CDs or cassettes. In the same stanza, Keats speaks of the young man's lover. He tells the youth that although he is so close to his lover but cannot kiss her, he shouldn't be upset because they will always love each other and they will never grow old and ugly. Keats treats these painted characters as real people, as if they were living in their own little world confined to the edges of the urn. He percieves art as something that is better than real life. Keats goes on to discuss some trees whose branches, he remarks, can never be bare. They will always exist in Spring - always green. Keats enjoys the fact that nature remains the same, and in this particular painting, in its most beautiful state - Spring. The two lovers will always be in love and will always have passionate symptoms including fever, heavy breathing, and dry mouth. He gives very real, very human qualities to these two painted beings. Then in stanza four, Keats describes a religious sacrifice of a cow. But he goes on to contemplate where all of these religious people came from. "What little town by river or sea shore,.../...Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn?/ And, little town, thy streets for evermore/ Will silent be; and not a soul to tell/Why thou art desolate, can e'er return." He goes far beyond the reaches of the actual painting, and wonders about how the now empty village will forever remain silent and desolate. Keats ends the poem by telling the painting that it will live on to serve as a friend to other generations when his generation is long gone and dead. By using his imagination in interpreting this painting, Keats shows us what he thinks about art. A work of art can mean different things to people, but it remains for many generations to take from it what they will.

The Black Cultures White Culture Shock

Watership Down essays

Watership Down essays AUTHOR Watership Down was written by Richard Adams, who was born May 9, 1920, in Berkshire, England. He won two awards for this novel. He is still living. Hazel became the leader of the rabbits once they left their original warren. He was a very smart and tricky rabbit who won the respect and trust of the other rabbits by his courage and many great deeds. He always handled problems calmly so others would also remained calm. Whenever a plan was needed, Hazel would always come up with one. Fiver, the younger brother of Hazel, was unique because of his small size and ability to foresee danger. He saved the rabbits from death by warning some rabbits of the danger. Bigwig, a great fighting and courageous rabbit, was essential for the success of the traveling rabbits. He loved to fight and always did his best to protect the others. He was also the bird Kehaars best friend and enjoyed spending time with him. Blackberry was the most intelligent rabbit in the group. For example, he made a boat to cross a river although the others had never even seen or understood the floating concept. Blackberry always helped Hazel to think of ideas when problems arose. Dandelion, another smart rabbit, was known for his speed and for his great story telling of El-ahrairah, the rabbit folk hero. He could always tell stories which distracted and eased the rabbits from problems. Pipkin, a good friend of Fiver, was small like Fiver but acted as if he was as big as Bigwig. He always did what he was told and never complained. One day Fiver, sensing danger, convinced his brother Hazel that they must leave their warren. Hazel tried to warn the Chief Rabbit of the danger, but he did not listen. Hazel gathered a group and went along the brook until they reached another warren of rabbits. These rabbits were very strange and acted differently from other rabbits. Hazel and his group decided to leave after Bigwig got ca ...

Essay on Hume (induction)

Essay on Hume (induction) Essay on Hume (induction) Hume argued that matters of facts are not to be relied upon. What were his reasons? Did Popper provide us with a more reliable method for establishing matters of facts? David Hume argues that matters of facts are not to be relied upon because of they are identified through the inductive reasoning which is an unreliable method unlike deductive reasoning. In this essay I will outline and analyse his arguments and reasoning for concluding this. I will also argue that whilst Popper’s attempt is admirable, he ultimately fails to successfully answer Hume’s challenge because he employs induction during this attempt, thus begging the question and falling into the circularity trap. This does not mean, however, that we are left with no reason to rely on science. Hume’s argument for the radical conclusion that we cannot justify in matters of fact starts with the distinction he makes between matters of fact and relation of ideas as the only two sources of knowledge. Relations of ideas are derived from deductive reasoning and these truths are discoverable via operation of thought alone. Also to deny this knowledge results in contradiction. For example, it does not make sense to say that a basic triangle has more than three sides. Matters of fact are derived from inductive reasoning and these truths are discoverable through experience. Hume deems these truths are open to doubt because matters of fact are not logically certain. Denying a matter of fact will never entail a contradiction because they all depend on the relation between cause and effect and this is not a formal relation (deductive). No effect can be inferred from a cause alone and to deny the effect will never entail a contradiction. For example, water may have drowned a perso n but to deny it will drown next time is not contradictory, whereas to deny the next triangle will have three sides is. Hume reasons that as humans we understand matters of fact through cause and effect. He argues that we make an irrational connection between the two when in fact they are separate events. For example, I assume that a billiard ball that is hit it will hit another ball and that ball will move. Because I’ve experienced this I then assume it will happen every time, however, according to Hume that is just one possible option. But there is no necessity to the effect because there is no necessity to the cause and effect relation. Hume argues that all our general scientific laws are based on the cause and effect relation and assume this relation will hold good into the future. However, he shows that it is unjustified for humans to base future predictions on matters of fact because they rely on an assumption that cannot be justified, namely that nature is uniform (the future will be like the past. For example, if I have only seen white swans; I will infer that therefore all swans must be white because I have only ever seen white swans. However, this clearly unjustified as black swans were later discovered. Hume argues that humans make an illogical assumption and the fallacy of circularity in thinking that because something has happened in the past it will happen again and because matters of facts are derived from this illogical inference they are therefore unreliable. An implication of Hume’s challenge is that science is irrational and dogmatic. Popper presents a reply to Hume by defending science as a rational and non-dogmatic discipline. He does this by drawing a distinction between two kinds of science, Pseudo-science and Real science. Popper develops his demarcation by defending an alternative to the inductive method which he agrees possesses all the characteristics afforded to it by Hume. He instead presents science as employing deductive reasoning (modus tollens) and nurturing a critical attitude. Popper argues that a real scientific theory is one that is not dogmatic (irrational, close-minded, resistant to change and seeking of verification) arguing instead the science is open to

Time Management Tips for Graduate Students

Time Management Tips for Graduate Students All academics, graduate students, and faculty alike struggle with the challenge of managing their time. New graduate students are often amazed at how much there is to do each day: classes, research, study groups, meetings with professors, reading, writing, and attempts at a social life. Many students believe that it will get better after they graduate, but, unfortunately, most people report being even busier as new professors, researchers, and professionals. With so much to do and so little time, it is easy to feel overwhelmed. But dont let stress and deadlines overtake your life. How to Avoid Burnout My best advice for avoiding burnout and getting bogged down is to keep track of your time: Record your days and maintain daily progress towards your goals. The simple term for this is time management. Many people dislike this term, but, call it what you will, managing yourself is essential to your success in grad school. Use a Calendar System By now, you probably use a calendar to keep track of weekly appointments and meetings. Grad school requires taking a long-term perspective on time. Use a yearly, monthly, and weekly calendar. Year Scale. Its difficult to keep track of today and remember what needs to be done in six months. Long term deadlines for financial aid, conference submission, and grant proposals creep up quickly! Dont find yourself surprised to realize that your comprehensive exams are in a few weeks. Plan at least two years ahead with a yearly calendar, divided into months. Add all long-term deadlines on this calendar.Month Scale. Your monthly calendar should include all paper deadlines, test dates, and appointments so that you can plan ahead. Add self-imposed deadlines for completing long-term projects like papers.Week Scale. Most academic planners use a weekly scale of measurement. Your weekly calendar includes your day-to-day appointments and deadlines. Have a study group on Thursday afternoon? Record it here. Carry your weekly calendar everywhere. Use a To-Do List Your to-do list will keep you moving towards your goals on a daily basis. Take 10 minutes every night and make a to-do list for the next day. Look at your calendar for the next couple of weeks to remember tasks that need to be planned in advance: searching for literature for that term paper,  buying and sending birthday cards, and preparing submissions to conferences and grants. Your to-do list is your friend; never leave home without it. Prioritize your to-do list. Rank each item by importance and attack your list accordingly so that you dont waste time on non-essential tasks.Schedule time to work on classes and research each day, even if it is just a few 20-minute blocks. Think you cant get much done in 20 minutes? Youd be surprised. Whats more important is that the material will stay fresh in your mind, enabling you to reflect on it at unexpected times (like on your ride to school or walk to the library).Be flexible. Allow time for interruptions and distractions. Aim to plan just 50 percent or less of your time so that youll have the flexibility to handle unexpected interruptions. When youre distracted by a new task or something that you need to remember, write it down and get back to work. Dont let a flight of ideas keep you from completing the task at hand. When youre interrupted by others or seemingly urgent tasks, ask yourself, What is the most important thing I can do right now? Whats most urgent? Use your ans wer to plan your time and get back on track. Time management doesnt have to be a dirty word. Use these simple techniques to get things done your way.

Establiment of Hong Kong as a British Colony Essay

Establiment of Hong Kong as a British Colony - Essay Example According to the author, Hong Kong, as a British colony, consisted of people who were dissatisfied and who did not have an adequate say in the matters of its homeland, though Britain claimed to provide it autonomy. The Chinese people in Hong Kong were dissatisfied just as people from other colonies were regardless of the fact that their colonizers had brought Hong Kong to where it was- a globally known place in which people foresee future prospects. However, there were reasons to people’s dissatisfaction. What the author brings to focus in this periodical is the fact that China, driven by its chase to bring the country together (including its lost parts), not just brought people from Hong Kong to lose their confidence in China but also to question their future standing. The author has been able to bring many points to prove this, his non-biased nature brings the incidents in Hong Kong as they were and provides the reader with a better understanding of what Hong Kong and its pe ople went through. The second periodical, The Legacy of The British Administration of Hong Kong: A View From Hong Kong, also by Ming K. Chan is a deviation from his first periodical. Here the author is writing in a post-1997 period discussing the impact of British Colonialism on Hong Kong. The author talks about the highly ‘trumpeted’ British contributions to Hong Kong- the rule of law, the civil service, economic freedom, and democratization. The author openly questions the true merits of the rulers and in fact considers that the mentioned contributions are either too highly merited or beset with flaws. The author appears more biased in his opinions in this periodical where he almost rejects the idea of colonizers having done any good to Hong Kong and that whatever good was done it was done out of need. The two articles, though written by same author, are written in different periods and

Answer following questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer following questions - Essay Example In 2 (a), defamation refers to an act of damaging one’s good reputation. Victoria can use the article that was published by Miamisburg Mudslinger as evidence to prove defamation. The evidence would be used to ascertain that libel occurred because a permanent publication that damaged her reputation was made by the Company in form of a newspaper article. In 2 (b), I would bring pure comparative legal defense and assumption of risk defense on behalf of Mudslinger to defeat Victoria’s claim. First, the pure comparative defense would be used to argue that Victoria’s act of engaging in an illegal sexual relationship with a fifteen-year old boy led to the defamation. The photo of her kissing in a rather vigorous manner with the boy ascertains that they were engaging in a sexual affair. Secondly, the assumption of risk defense would be provided on the basis that Victoria knew the consequences of engaging in an illegal sexual relationship with an underage boy and yet she did not avoid the act (Browne et al., 226). Therefore, the plaintiff was responsible for the defamation because she committed an act knowingly that it would damage her reputation if publicly discovered. Negligence has four elements that include; duty, breach of duty, causation and damages. In 3 (a), businesses owe their patrons duty of care. In 3 (b), the store breached its duty of care to its patrons because it failed to either repair or warn passers-by against the possible danger that would resulted due to the divot. Although the divot’s view was not hidden by any obstacle, circumstances made it not to be an open and obvious danger. The management of the Company was aware that there are vehicles often entering the parking lot that might attract the attention of pedestrians hence preventing them from seeing the divot. Therefore, it should have taken precautions to avoid exposing their customers to the danger. In 3 (c), direct cause refers to a

Modern Art in the 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern Art in the 20th Century - Essay Example The essay "Modern Art in the 20th Century" analyzes the modern art and the art concepts of the 20th century. The artist of this time created new movements that had an influence on artistic expression moving into the 21st century. The concept of primitivism works on the concept that the closest expression of emotional experience is captured in the primitive drawings of children and those who haven't taken part in formal artistic study. When successfully coupled with these theories, â€Å"art does not reproduce the visible; rather, it makes visible,† according to artist Paul Klee. His painting Diana in the Autumn Wind does a good job of illustrating this concept. At first glance, the painting might seem to be a child’s drawing that has accidentally found itself hanging in a museum. It looks like a crayon drawing. Depending on how you look at it, the group of overlapping flat shapes in the center of the frame can create the image of a woman caught in strong winds. At the s ame time, they can also appear to be the 'leaves' of autumn flying around the canvas. The woman really starts to emerge when you notice the tiny stick-style legs near the bottom of the image and the small white face that peeks out from the top. According to Pioch, â€Å"leaves flying in a moist breeze are, at the same time, the Virgin goddess on the hunt, and yet also a fashionably dressed woman from Klee's social circle. Klee gives the impression that the painting is done with crayon by allowing some of the white surface of the canvas.

Compare and contrast the findings from empirical studies on emotional Essay

Compare and contrast the findings from empirical studies on emotional labor in two different jobs (nurses and stewardesses) - Essay Example Another part of this part of it is the ability to put one’s own feelings aside, and deal professionally with events and circumstances which are difficult, for example dealing with difficult people or facing danger, injury or even trauma and violence. There are some professions, such as nursing and air stewarding which are recognized as requiring a considerable amount of emotional labor. The evidence from recent scholarship shows that despite equality legislation, the emotional labor of nursing and air stewarding is consistently valued less than other kinds of labor, and that this is related to the association which these two professions have as â€Å"women’s work.† Montgomery et al. (2005) examine the emotional labor issue in a sample of 180 doctors and 84 nurses in the context of Greece. The method of investigation used was questionnaires, and the researchers looked for indicators such as hiding negative emotions at work and surface acting at work. The study con cludes that in the case of doctors there was spill-over from work to family, while in the nurses there was spill-over from family to work. Both groups were required to perform emotional labor, but this occurred at mainly home for the nurses and at mainly at work for the doctors. The authors acknowledge that the study has limitations, most notably the self-selection element in the way that the sample was derived and possible variations in the degree to which individuals identify with their job role which were not measured. Elements of status and gender were touched upon, but not fully explored and this too, may render the conclusions somewhat suspect. A more in-depth analysis was conducted by Henderson (2001) who looked at 49 nurses from Canada and the United Kingdom who were involved in the care of abused women. The research methods used were individual interview and focus groups of 6-9 nurses. Nurses agreed with the view that they perform this emotional labor of caring in a society which both demands such labor and at the same time refuses to value it properly. The findings show that nurses are very adept at managing professional involvement and professional detachment in their working lives, but that they learn this skill on the job rather than in their training at college. In short, they felt that their education had not prepared them at all for the emotional labor that they found themselves delivering when they started their careers in hospitals. The author perceived this, however, as a matter of learning the theory first, and not realizing its deeper meaning until the opportunity arises to use the theory in practice. The nurses reported low status in the workplace, and perceived this as being directly linked to the old-fashioned view that nursing is â€Å"women’s work† and therefore inferior to other professions. This finding matches the findings of the Montgomery et al. study. In the case of air stewards, and particularly stewardesses, thes e same themes of low status and association with â€Å"women’s work† occur in a study by Chang and Chiu (2009) which used a questionnaire to explore the feelings of 353 Taiwanese flight attendants on this topic. The results indicated that female cabin crew face relatively high stress levels which contributes in some cases to exhaustion in the long run. Working conditions are cramped, with little opportunity for rest, schedules are unpredictable, and stewardesses are in the front line of company objectives to improve service quality. Despite these pressures, high levels

Child trama 5 Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child trama 5 - Annotated Bibliography Example However, the article cites that the extents to which risky sexual behavior in women are affiliated with exposure to unfavorable experiences in childhood is not well understood (S.D. Hillis 206) This article highlights that these harmful consequences of participation in risky sexual behaviors are disproportionately higher in women than men, which might be influenced by several factors like biological factors. The study claims that biologically women are more susceptible to sexually transmitted infections and likeliness of asymptomatic infections that remains undetected for long. Therefore, they are at higher risk of complications than men (S.D. Hillis 206). The article study outlines outcomes affiliated with risky sexual behavior in women that includes sexual transmission of more than 25 infectious organisms, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, abortion, infertility, still birth , violence related trauma, death etcetera. In addition, the study outlines that the women engaging in risky sexual behavior risk their unborn suffering such effects as low birth weight, prematurity, pneumonia, neural damage, ocular infections or even death (S.D. Hillis 206). This article further evaluates a study research carried out to determine adverse childhood experiences on about 5,060 female members of a managed care organization. The research revealed information of seven categories of harmful childhood experiences the women underwent namely emotional, physical, or sexual abuse; or even having a battered mother, substance abusing, mentally ill or criminal household members. They concluded that cumulative harmful childhood experiences and such risky behavior as an early onset of intercourse, or even having more sexual partner’s poses a greater risk of Aids infection (S.D. Hillis 206). The article further highlights that women exposed to multiple types of harmful childhood experiences have 50% increase likelihood

Difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income Essay Example for Free

Difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income Essay Accounting involves any business, company or person recording their financial transactions, such as payments coming in or paying going out. It is very important for a business to record their transactions for a number of reasons: Economic decisions: If a company is going to succeed then it’s needs to be aware of what it can and cannot afford and how the resources available will be effectively used and not put to waste. Inventory: Knowing how much of a product you have can be save you from buying the same product again and wasting money on something you longer need. Stocking up on a certain product that is no longer making sales could make it more prone to damage or theft, therefore making the product un-sellable. By recording the amount of stock you have left you could save money and make a larger profit, this would then further secure the stakeholders you have investing in your business. Monitoring activity: during the process of buying or selling goods mistakes can be made and those mistakes can properly be identified and dealt with if it is kept on a record. Keeping an account of your stock would also prevent theft, damage or loss of property. Also if there are any products exported out to different countries then accounting for which countries buy more products would help you provide more stock for that country to maximize profits. Measuring financial performance: A business needs to know how well they are doing; this can benefit them in a number of ways. If in the first quarter a business is doing well but in the second quarter the profit dips then the problem can easily be assessed and dealt with. However this can only be accomplished if the business keeps a record of the intakes and ou ttakes.

Investigation of Sphincter Muscle Complex

Investigation of Sphincter Muscle Complex Abstract Background: The exact anus reconstruction is the critical in patients with imperforate anus  which is related to the correct diagnosis of sphincter complex. Objectives: The aim of this study  is exact investigation of the prineal region for ultrasound detection of place and pathway of  sphincter muscle complex. Patients and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed at Mashhad  medical university during 2016. Transperineal sonography was done in ten patients (6-12 week  age, 8 male and 2 female) with imperforate anus. Results: The shortest distance between rectal pouch and skin was between 8 to 20 mm, but the  distance between rectal pouch and skin via the anal sphincter path was longer (11 to 23 mm). The multi-layer view of anal tubercle was seen in all patients except one. It had a curved and  occasionally parasagittal path and eccentric than muscle complex. Anal muscle sphincter  complex could be seen in all patients with 2- 3.6 mm, occasionally asymmetric. Conclusion: The multi-layer view of anal tubercle and the anal sphincter complex are the two  important sonographic findings, which can better differentiated the level of anal malformation  and act as an indicator for the location of pull through. Keywords: Anal sphincter muscle complex; Anorectal malformation (ARM); Imperforate anus  (IA); Child 1. Background Colon cancer is a Imperforate anus is one of the anorectal malformations (ARM) which is  characterized with abnormal termination of the hindgut. The anus reconstruction and fecal  continence is one of the critical aspects of treatment and surgery of these patients which is  related to the correct diagnosis of sphincter complex position and the anus reconstruction in the  appropriate place within the sphincter muscle complex . There are various surgical approaches and procedures for anus reconstruction, including the use  of preoperative MRI for diagnosis of type and level of anorectal malformation . In addition, there  are some articles about the use of MRI in the detection of sphincter complex and the anus path  guidance . However, later technique has some limitations and no available in all pediatric surgery  centers. In Imperforate anus (IA) patients, sonography is used to determine the level of disorder (low,  intermediate, high), which may be divided to three groups according to the distance between  perineal skin surface and rectal pouch. However, there isnt an exact cut off for their  differentiation and there is some diagnostic overlap . Some articles consider above 15mm as high  type and below 10 mm as low type ARM , although another numbers between 5- 25 mm are also  considered as cut off point in articles. The passage of rectum from levator ani muscle in  transverse view of infra-coccygeal plan is another method that can help in differentiation  between high and low groups. Furthermore, it is also used for diagnosis of internal fistula  (rectourethral, rectovaginal and etc) which can be helpful in determining level of disorder .   However in practice, these criteria have a little value for operation protocols and the surgical  planning is mostly according to clinical criteria and intraoperative findings.   The exact localization of anal tubercle and muscle sphincter complex with preoperative  sonography can help the surgeon to select the less invasive surgical technique and improve  surgical results. 2. Objectives The aims of this study is exact investigation of the prineal region for detection ultrasonic criteria  of place and pathway of muscle complex and anal sphincter in the children with Imperforate  anus. 3. Patients and Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed at Dr. Sheikh pediatric Hospital during  2016 after being approved by the Institutional Review Board of Mashhad University of Medical  Sciences, Iran and with its grant. In this study, ten patients (6-12 week age) with imperforate anus were selected after obtaining  informed consent from their parents. Nine patients had previous colostomy within the two days  of life and in another remaining one with rectovestibular fistula didnt previously performed it.   Patients were also evaluated for associated congenital anomalies (VACTERL-H and etc.).   The children were placed in lithotomy position and Foley catheter was passed from distal limb of  colostomy to the rectum and the balloon was inflated and retracted backward and fixed. For  better visualization of rectal pouch, normal saline was injected through fixed Foley catheter in  rectum. After prep drape as the first step, transperineal sonography was done by an  experienced pediatric radiologist. Sterile gel and Betadine were used for sonographic window.   The ultrasound devices used in this study was sonosite Model S Nerve with a 12 MHz linear  superficial probe. The sonographic criteria such as shorten distance of rectal pouch from the surface of skin,  distance of rectal pouch from the surface of skin in anal sphincter complex pathway , the  presence of internal fistula, multi-layered view of anal tubercle, state of anal sphincter complex  were evaluated in both sagittal and coronal planes. The Distance between rectal pouch from the  surface of skin in the shortest path and this distance in correlation with sphincter complex were  separately measured. The distance between the rectal pouch and the surface of the skin and the presence of internal  fistula were evaluated in the sagittal sonographic plane. Internal fistulas can be identified by changing of the rout the echogenic mucus of the rectum  toward urethra or vagina. The multi-layered view of anal tubercle is exactly similar to gut signature, and visualized as a  peripheral hypoechoic layer with two central parallel echogenic lines just below the skin  (dermis). It has vertical position than to anal pit (Fig. 1A) and is visible only in coronal plan.   Anal sphincter complex is noticeable as circular muscular tissue in the depth of the subcutaneous  perineal area and is visible in coronal plan (Fig. 1B). 4. Results Table 1 showed the demographic and sonographic findings of ten imperforate anus patients with  were selected for this study. Eight patients were male and other two were female.   The shortest distance between the rectal pouch and the skin surface was between 8 to 20 mm, but  the distance between the rectal pouch and the surface of skin via the anal sphincter path was  longer and between 11 to 23 mm, that it was 3- 8 mm. (4.7 mm mean) longer.   There were rectourethral fistula in 7, rectovaginal fistula in 1, rectovestibular fistula in 1, and in  another one patient no fistula was detected. In patient with rectovestibular fistula, anal sphincter  complex was pushed back toward the coccygeal tip due to fecal material pressure.   The multi-layer view of anal tubercle was seen in all patients except one (rectovestibular fistula  patient). The maximum outside diameter was 3-4 mm, but in patient with cloacal anomaly, it had  about 10 mm in sagittal plan on the posterior of prineal orifice. In often patients, the anal  tubercle path until center of muscle complex had a curved and occasionally parasagittal path and  it wasnt straight (Fig. 1C). The visible length of multi-layer view of anal tubercle was 5-8 mm,  and it attaches to the mucus of muscle complex eccentric or concentric (Fig. 1D).   Anal muscle sphincter complex could be seen in all patients. The muscle complex thickness had  2- 3.6 mm which occasionally was asymmetric (Fig. 1E). 5. Discussion Imperforate anus is a congenital disease with abnormal termination of hindgut which have a wide  spectrum of muscle sphincter complex development (from near-normal muscles to complete  absence of the sphincter muscle). Routinely, depending on the level of the obstruction in above,  middle and below of muscle sphincter, this anomaly is categorized into three groups (High,  intermediate, low type) . The numerous factors especially the fecal continence after the surgery  related to the diagnosis of the exact place of sphincter muscle complex . There are many articles about the role of preoperative MRI in the determining of the type and  level of anorectal malformation which can be helpful in planning and the prediction of the  prognosis and also investigation of the spinal and urethral anomalies which indirectly effect on  the management of disease and operation . MRI has also a role in these patients for  demonstration of the status of sphincter muscle complex, the symmetry of the sphincter, the  perirectal fibrosis . The post-operative MRI is use to evaluate surgical results and the passage of  pulled-through bowel from the center of sphincter complex . Recently, there are some few  articles about the use of MRI in the localization of sphincter complex and the anus pathway as a  guidance instrument . The sonography is usually used to determine the level of disorder (low, intermediate, high)  indirectly basis on the distance between perineal skin surface to the rectal pouch and the internal  fistulae visualization. Although, this approach isnt very determinative and there are a lot of  diagnostic overlap in this field .   In review article, we find only one paper about the detection of the passage of rectum from  levator ani muscle in transverse view of infra-coccygeal plan that can be helpful for  differentiation of high and low groups . The pre-operative exact localization of anal tubercle and especially sphincter muscle complex  with sonography can be helpful for surgeons to select less invasive approaches that determines  the future fecal continence of patient. In this study, with exact ultrasound investigation of prineal region, we noticed two sonographic  findings which can be helpful in patients with imperforate anus to determine the proper path of  anal canal for pull-through operation. These findings were multi-layered view of anal tubercle  and sphincter muscle complex. Multi-layered view of anal tubercle is exactly similar to gut signature and was determined as a  peripheral hypoechoic layer with two central parallel echogenic lines. This view was probably  the result of fetal anal tubercle as a result non-ruptured anal membrane and non recanalized anal  canal. This view wasnt seen in patient with recto-vestibular fistula. Although it had 3-4 mm  diameter, in Cloacal anomaly patient, it had about 10 mm anterior-posterior diameters in sagittal  plan that probably due to fetal merge of anal and vaginal orifices. In most of patients anal tubercle wasnt straight and had parasagittal position and slightly  curvature with eccentric attachment to center of sphincter muscle complex. These can explain  pathophysiology of disease. Anal sphincter and muscle complex was seen as a circular muscular tissue bulk that surrounds  the echogenic mucus of gastrointestinal tract. It was visible on the coronal plane at depth of  subcutaneous fat of the perineal area with 2-3.6 mm thickness. This complex was visible in all of  our 10 patients. In a patient with rectovestibular fistula, this complex pushed backward to the near of coccyx  probably due to fecal retention. Although most patients with Imperforate anus and recto-perineal  fistula categorized as low type, but this patient had high type malformation because the sphincter  complex has been pushed backward and tract of fistula lie above of muscle complex. In this  patient, based on the distance of rectal pouch to the skin (9 mm) and based on clinical findings  alone and without attention to muscle sphincter, the probability of successful surgery was too  low without sonography guide. Then, visualization of the sphincter muscle complex and rectal  pouch is an important sonoghraphic findings in imperforate anus patients that can differentiate  better the patients to the high and low malformation.   In addition, the result of this study shows that the distance between rectal pouch and skin without  attention to muscle sphincter is unreliable and can make a serious pitfalls and unaware  complications. In all patients, the distance between rectal pouch and skin through anal tubercle  and muscle complex (11mm) was longer than shorten distance between rectal pouch and skin (3-8 mm mean: 4.7 mm). In lithotomy position, it is important to notice that multi-layered view of anal tubercle and anal  sphincter complex was only visible in coronal view and was invisible in routine sagittal and  transverse view, then it may be ignored and didnt notice to it in literatures. In the review of  articles, we did not encounter a similar publication about the use of this findings in patients with  imperforate anus, although there are many articles about the use of sonography to determine the  anal sphincter complex in adults in various diseases .   This is a preliminary cross sectional study with the low number of patients. In addition, the  frequency of the ultrasonic probe device were our study limitations. Exact examination of  perineal region with high-frequency probes (14 to 20 MHz) with high amount of the patients can  provide better and more reliable results. Conclusion: The multi-layer view of anal tubercle and the muscular bulk of anal sphincter complex are the  two important sonographic findings, which can better differentiated the level of anal  malformation and act as an indicator for the location of anal sphincter pull through in patients  with Imperforate anus.

Free Grapes of Wrath Essays: Steinbecks Theme of Suffering :: Grapes Wrath essays

The Theme of Suffering in Grapes Of Wrath A constant theme in The Grapes of Wrath is the suffering of humans. As F.W. Watt says, (The primary impact of The Grapes of Wrath...is not to make us act, but to make us understand and share a human experience of suffering and resistance.) Steinbeck shows us that his characters, as well as all people must endure suffering as human beings. Humans suffer due to many factors. Religious suffering is one factor which is self imposed. (When we first see Casy he is explaining to Tom Joad how he left preaching, not merely because of the lusts that plagued him, but because religious faith as he knew it seemed to set up codes of behavior which denied human nature its proper and full expression) Religious suffering is perhaps epitomized in Jesus Christ, and Joseph Fontenrose believes the tragic character of Casey is believed to be the symbolic representation of Jesus Christ himself. (Jim Casy's initials are JC, and he retired to the wilderness to find spiritual truth and came forth to teach a new doctrine of love and good works...Casy sacrificed himself for others when he surrendered himself as the man who had struck a deputy Sinrod 3 at Hooverville...Tom told his mother, "I'm talking like Casy," after saying that he would be present everywhere, though unseen...) However the character of Jim Casy goes beyond Christ. While pondering sin and virtue, Casy comes to the enlightening conclusion that people cannot be judged "good" or "bad". ("Maybe it's just the way folks is...There ain't no sin and there ain't no virtue. There's just stuff people do. It's all part of the same thing. And some things folks do is nice, and some ain't nice, but that's as far as any man got a right to say.") Viewing the morality of individuals as dynamic, as opposed to static, provides tremendous freedom for characters such as Tom Jode. He is capable of many different actions throughout the story, including intimidation, guile, support, love, and even murder. Steinbeck wants to show that even a murderer still loves his mother. The mother after all, is holding his family together. (In all the families in crisis, the children look to the women for answers to their immediate survival: "What are we gonna do, Ma? Where are we going to go? Free Grapes of Wrath Essays: Steinbeck's Theme of Suffering :: Grapes Wrath essays The Theme of Suffering in Grapes Of Wrath A constant theme in The Grapes of Wrath is the suffering of humans. As F.W. Watt says, (The primary impact of The Grapes of Wrath...is not to make us act, but to make us understand and share a human experience of suffering and resistance.) Steinbeck shows us that his characters, as well as all people must endure suffering as human beings. Humans suffer due to many factors. Religious suffering is one factor which is self imposed. (When we first see Casy he is explaining to Tom Joad how he left preaching, not merely because of the lusts that plagued him, but because religious faith as he knew it seemed to set up codes of behavior which denied human nature its proper and full expression) Religious suffering is perhaps epitomized in Jesus Christ, and Joseph Fontenrose believes the tragic character of Casey is believed to be the symbolic representation of Jesus Christ himself. (Jim Casy's initials are JC, and he retired to the wilderness to find spiritual truth and came forth to teach a new doctrine of love and good works...Casy sacrificed himself for others when he surrendered himself as the man who had struck a deputy Sinrod 3 at Hooverville...Tom told his mother, "I'm talking like Casy," after saying that he would be present everywhere, though unseen...) However the character of Jim Casy goes beyond Christ. While pondering sin and virtue, Casy comes to the enlightening conclusion that people cannot be judged "good" or "bad". ("Maybe it's just the way folks is...There ain't no sin and there ain't no virtue. There's just stuff people do. It's all part of the same thing. And some things folks do is nice, and some ain't nice, but that's as far as any man got a right to say.") Viewing the morality of individuals as dynamic, as opposed to static, provides tremendous freedom for characters such as Tom Jode. He is capable of many different actions throughout the story, including intimidation, guile, support, love, and even murder. Steinbeck wants to show that even a murderer still loves his mother. The mother after all, is holding his family together. (In all the families in crisis, the children look to the women for answers to their immediate survival: "What are we gonna do, Ma? Where are we going to go?

All About Video Recording :: Video Camera Recorder

All About Video Recording Over the past 30 years the advancements in technology have been tremendous, everything from the 80’s camcorder, which was approximately the size of a cat, to the ones presently, which are approximately the size of your hand. To the creation of digital cameras ,DVD’s and CD-R’s, as well as so much more. When Purchasing a Video Recorder, there are many aspects of the piece that should be examined, in order to pick out the best quality product for the amount of money you are prepared to spend. Picking between the different types of products is the first step. In the world of digital recording , there are three basic types. The first being Hard Disc Recorders which are also known as Personal Television Recorders, these record all the action without the need for video tapes. With on screen program guides, recording in digital is a simple one-button operation. The next is DVD RAMwhich is the official DVD Recordable format backed by the DVD Forum, DVDRAM records onto a DVD recordable disc that can then be played on most modern DVD players. Lastly, there is DVD+RW which was developed by Philips and Sony, DVD+RW discs can be edited to cut out commercial breaks. They can also be played on most modern DVD players. The quality of the recording is always an important statistic tobe aware of, in video recording, there are four basic levels of quality. The first level is referred to as 2 Heads and is usually used for standard quality mono recording and playback, next there is 4 Heads , which has an improved picture and sound quality and freeze frames. Next, there is 6 Heads which has all the benefits of a 4 head video recorder plus 2 extra heads for greater sound quality. Lastly, there is Super-VHS which provides up to 400 lines of resolution, instead of the usual 240 lines, S-VHS delivers superior picture quality. The next aspect to focus on when purchasing a Video recorder would be the sound quality. In this department there are two basic options Depending on the kind of TV you have and the type of programs you record, you need to consider the type of sound playback you want. The first option would be Mono which is usually for standard recording and playback. Mono video recorders represent great value and are suitable for connection to portable TV’s. The second option would be Nicamstereowhich is a high quality stereo for improved sound reproduction.

Case Writeups : Sealed Air Corporation Essay

1) What has been happening in this market? How has Sealed Air (SA) been doing? To what do you attribute SA’s success? Sealed Air had achieved 25% annual growth in net sales and net earnings from 1971 to 1980. The company has been keeping a technical leadership position in the market. During 10 years, the company built on its development of the first-cell, lightweight cushioning material, introduced the first foam-in-place packaging system, and engineered the first complete solar heating system for swimming pools. Regarding the protective packaging market, the Sealed Air’s product AirCap has the feature that differentiated called â€Å"barrier-coating†. Barrier-coatng and its customer benefits had been the major driving force of Sealed Air’s AirCap cushioning sales for 10 years. Thus, Sealed Air created value to its customers by building high technical product quality in its coated bubbles and by informing the customers about the benefits of coated bubbles through the efforts of its salespeople. Sealed Air’s salespeople also did â€Å"consultative selling approach† to increase its market share and profits. Moreover, the company created value for its distributors by the strength of its brand equity and the strong demand for its products. The company also used selective distribution policy with less competition among distributors and thus this policy makes the distributors’ profit margins maximized. 2) Should SA introduce an uncoated bubble in the U.S market to compete with GAFCEL? Why or why not? – SA should introduce an uncoated bubble for the following reasons Introducing uncoated bubbles can allow Sealed Air to retain these customers whose needs are met with uncoated bubbles. It seems that GAFCEL’s ability to get sales at the rate of $1 Million/year with only 1.5 salespeople from only the New York market is a strong indication that the uncoated bubble is going to be a strong competitor for Sealed Air’s coated bubble business. Introducing uncoated bubbles would require no additional capital or R&D investment on this case. This cost saving could be a competitive advantage over GAFCEL. Distributors need to stock uncoated bubbles for their sales. If Sealed Air does not have uncoated bubbles, distributors can end up selling other  companies’ (such as GAFCEL) uncoated bubbles. This would hurt Sealed Air’s relationship with these distributors. – SA should NOT introduce an uncoated bubble for the following reasons Distributors sometimes complained about the level of AirCap selling effort. Since distributor’s margins on AirCap cushioning were generally higher than the 10% to 12% for Instapak, distributors were not happy. Also, their margins for uncoated products make them not happy compared to AirCap product. Sealed Air in the market is a technology leader. It has had a history of innovations. Introducing uncoated bubbles would mean introducing a me-too product. This could hurt the company’s reputation and brand equity in the market place. For years, Sealed Air has told the customers that coated bubbles are better than uncoated bubbles. It is impossible for the company to tell the market that the uncoated bubble is as good as coated bubbles. The company would definitely lose its credibility as the technology expert in the marketplace. This is not about confusion, but about the trustworthiness of the company in the customers’ perspectives. A similar situation can happen with respect to the salespeople. If the company now tells the salespeople that uncoated bubbles equally good for some applications, the company would lose its credibility among the sales people. There can a problem on getting the salespeople motivated for the new product. If the salespeople have to sell the lower priced bubbles, then their commission income will get reduced. 3) Assuming an uncoated bubble is introduced, propose a marketing plan for the product, including: positioning & targeting, pricing, branding, direct sales strategy and channel policy I would propose a marketing plan for differentiation between a coated and an uncoated bubble. First of all, Sealed Air should keep the current brand equity status not affected by an uncoated bubble launched especially in the U.S market. It is important to develop intensive salespeople directed at distributors focusing on their high profit margin because the distributors don’t want well-trained salespeople to be allocated to an uncoated product which leads to lower margin. Regarding consumer perspectives, the company  should keep its brand status of the coated as it participates in exhibition shows. Regarding customers, the company should provide additional services to the coated customers and different packaging for the different grades product to offset the effects of lower prices of competing uncoated bubbles. Different product usage can be applied. For the important and fragile products such as laptops to be protected, a coated bubble should be used. For the comparatively less fragile products, a coated bubble can be used. This differentiation will be able to make different market value positioning for consumers under uncoated bubble launched. In the European market where packaging supplies are viewed as â€Å"expendable commodities†, Sealed Air should cut prices of the products affected by the uncoated bubble. Additionally, the company should focus on uncoated because the European consumes are so price sensitive. Instead of focusing on salespeople, the company should be aligned with some hyper and mass merchants for volume sales on an uncoated bubble. Also, the company expands channel pipeline to use direct mail and trade shows to target smaller businesses. 4) Assuming an uncoated bubble is introduced, what changes would you make to the marketing plan for the existing, coated bubble? Given how successful the product line has been, would you just leave it to be? Although, marketing cost rises up, I would recommend use different brand name. If the company stays with the current name, there would be some confusion about Sealed Air’s products and some dilution of the brand equity of the current name because the new product is totally different from the current products. Some of this problem can be mitigated if the company launches the uncoated bubbles under a different name. Also, product differentiation such as color or shape change can be one of the solutions. The differentiation can make consumers and distributors not confused about high valued coated products. In others words, the uncoated bubble product cannot hurt brand equity of the current product.

Renaissance vs. Islamic Art

Mirriam Webster defines art as â€Å"the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects†. It is a broad definition, because nothing about art is specific. Art has many different meanings, takes many different forms, and achieves many different things. Culture, including religion, greatly influences art. The artistic works of a culture may reflect a lifestyle, language, religion, or belief of said culture. Some would consider the heart of art in our modern world to be Europe, specifically, Italy.This is logical, seeing as how Italy is famous for a time period called the Renaissance which was a vital turning point in the history of art in the world. The Renaissance period of time immediately followed the middle ages. During the middle ages, people had no concept of individuality, and there was no focus on mankind. Instead, the focus narrowly on God, celestial beings, and the afterlife. All things that happened were considered a mystery that only God could understand or be involved in. Because of the reliance on religion, people did not venture into thinking about science or how things really worked.The Renaissance was named as its own time period in order to signify the end of medieval thinking of the middle ages. Important aspects of the Renaissance include secularism and humanism, which were concentrations on human capability and a furthering from the all-encompassing spiritual norms. Art during the Renaissance sought to apply humanistic methods to Christianity. As people began to concentrate less on the ideal and more on what was realistic, they began to paint in a realistic fashion which included portraits, and human figures which were proportionate.What’s more is not only that they were painted realistically, but that average humans would be depicted in art in the first place. Although the Renaissance was secular, and concentrated on humans rather than deities, there are many Italian paintings with religious subjects. Italy didn’t live in a little bubble of scientific, humanistic advancement. While the Renaissance took place, Italian culture was somewhat challenged by Islamic culture when the Ottoman Turks made an attempt to conquer Europe.Ottoman rulers such as Mehmet and Suleiman are, in my opinion, responsible for the spread of Islamic art and culture from Persia to Algeria. As the Ottoman empire grew, its art and culture flourished under the rule of a select few rulers. Although the art grew and flourished, it still had its roots in Islamic faith, meaning it still followed the â€Å"rules† of the Muslim religion. The Ottoman empire’s occupation of South-east Europe and domination of the Mediterranean were tools which unintentionally spread Islamic culture to Europe, Italy included.When a group attempts to colonize an area, they (though sometimes inadvertently) spread their culture to said area. This is usually done through propaganda and artwork. The similarities between Islamic art and art in Renaissance Italy results from the fact that many elements of Islamic art spread to Italy during the spread of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. We can see many purely Islamic elements in European art in the Renaissance time period. To begin with, the Muslims are responsible for bringing glass, ceramics, and pottery to Italy.The development of glass and ceramics began in the Middle East. Using these mediums, they developed techniques such as gazing, gliding, qualities of color, and sparkle in order to add an artistic dimension to every day necessities. When the Muslims invaded Europe and held an Italian city, Italians learned to make ceramics, and then followed the Islamic way of adding sparkle to their glass and gold to their ceramic pieces. The Italians were influenced by, not only the artistic medium itself, but also the decorations on Islamic art.A cardinal characteristic of Islamic art is an inclination towards covering surfaces wit h patterns composed of vegetal and/or geometric elements. They valued sophisticated patterns and variety such as those found in Islamic artwork. They were fascinated by the intricate patterns, so much so that they began to imitate the designs on their own glass and ceramic artwork. They copied a certain design pattern, which was a sort of scrolling foliage, which they gave the term arabesque. Both Islamic and Renaissance art are greatly influenced by general religion, and even exhibit some of the same elements.Geometric figures in Islamic art are used to make said art perfectly symmetrical in any way possible. Even the arabesque scrolling foliage is more symmetrical and perfect than actual foliage. The geometric shapes in their works, are used to create a sense of superb balance and order, which is representative of Muslim ideals. Similarly, the artwork of the Italian Renaissance used realism to create balance, order, and proportion, which were fundamental ideals of the Renaissance. Aside from the designs and depictions in the artwork, what makes them similar is the way in which the artwork came to exist.The term â€Å"patron of the arts† was widely used during the Renaissance, and described those individuals who possessed the funds needed to aid the artists in creating their art. During the Renaissance, the patrons of the arts were able to use their wealth to achieve power and respect, by creating a work of art that proclaimed their devotion to themselves, their city, and their god. The most famous of the patrons during the Renaissance were the Medici family. During the height of the Renaissance, the Medici in power was known as Lorenzo the Magnificent.He held power in Florence by his involvement in gaining commissions for artists such as Sandro Boticelli and Leonardo da Vinci, who were both famous artists of their time. The Muslim empires had a very similar system. Certain Ottoman rulers are known for their positive contributions to the art and cultur e of their empire. Their contributions were not making the actual art, but providing the resources for the â€Å"professional† artists to do so. Suleiman the Magnificent is known to be one of the best and most influential rulers of the Ottoman empire.One reason he earned this title is that art and literature flourished under his rule. His artistic nature (reflected in everything he did), paired with his access to wealth made him an important patron of the arts, helping artists express original Ottoman ideas in a Turkish format. The interest of the patrons determine what kind of artwork gets created and released to the public. Because of this, the artwork of a time period may reflect the thoughts and ideals of the upper class because they were wealthy enough to commission certain works to be done.The patrons were the people responsible for the prospering and growth of art in both time periods, though they existed in slightly different forms. Although the Renaissance art was in fluenced by Islamic art, and both were influenced by religion and earlier time periods, there are fundamental differences between the two. These differences lie in the way each culture chooses to portray their religion in their art. The axiomatic dissimilarity between the two types of art, as far as paintings and tapestries are concerned, is that there are no physical beings depicted in Islamic art, and the opposite is true for the art of the Italian Renaissance.The reason for this goes back to the individual foundation and central ideas of each perspective religion and, for the Renaissance, the practices influenced by the time period. Renaissance thinking was secular, but Renaissance art was not about excluding religion altogether, it was more about including humanism in the depiction of religious figures and events. One can see the religious elements in works such as The Birth of Venus, painted by Sandro Botticelli in 1486. The nudity of Venus in this work is a suggestion of Eve b efore â€Å"the Fall† as well as the pure love of Paradise.Once arrived on the planet or â€Å"born†, the love goddess dons earthly, mortal sin, which leads her to become the New Eve, otherwise known as Madonna. The Madonna’s purity is represented by the nude Venus, and she has become a personification of the Christian church. What makes such a work specific to the humanistic aspect of the Renaissance is the ideals captured in it. Venus as the center of the painting represents a celestial being, but is painted very realistically in form, being accurately proportioned. This alone captures the characteristics of humanism, with its focus on realism, and roots in Greek and Roman myths and culture.Muslims do not agree with the way that Christians portray religion through their artwork for their own reasons, so they choose not to do the same in their own artistic practices. Muslims saw an intrinsic flaw in the Christian way and they did not want the message of their G od to be confused with the worshipping of the medium, or for anything to be mistaken for idols or idolatry. Therefore they did, and still to this day, do not allow any physical beings in their art, because such art might allow for attention to and worshipping of Mohammed rather than attention to the word of their God.By these interpretations, the Qu’ran is Midieval in the nature of its message in that physical beings have no right to be depicted in artwork because the word of God is all-important. Because of this Muslim view, Islamic art does not possess the same elements as the Christian art from the Renaissance. There are no people at all depicted in Islamic art, but that’s not to say that it still is not religious. A calligraphic panel by one Mustafa Rakim is a perfect example. The background is red, with beautiful gold characters which are arranged so that the outline appears to be that of a man with a turban who is praying.It reads â€Å"God, there is no god but He, the Lord of His prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the Lord of all that has been crated. The aforementioned is exemplary of how Islamic works of art could be religious, but approached in a different fashion than in the Renaissance. There could not be a physical depiction of their god, Muhammad, or a man praying, so instead calligraphy was used in a shape in order to further convey a message. In fact, calligraphy is the highest form of visual art, and the nly spiritually meaningful form of art because of its association with the Qu’ran, which Muslims worship every word of. Christians worshipped Jesus Christ, who was a human being, and simply a messenger of God. For example, atop Carcovado Mountain in Brazil, there is a statue entitled â€Å"Christ the Redeemer†, which offers a panoramic view of Rio De Janeiro. The statue is not only a major tourist attraction, but more of a source of religious solace for all who come to visit it. There are also many Christians who choose to worship at the feet of the aforementioned statue, and others like it.The Muslims think of the Christians as wrong for doing such things as worshipping at a statue of Jesus Christ because in their religion, the prophet Mohammed shan’t be worshipped because of his position as the messenger of their God. The Islamic focus is on the teachings of their God alone, and not on the medium through which they received said teachings. Art with physical depictions of religious figures would also go against the teachings of the Qu’ran, which by some interpretations suggests that Muslims should be against idolatry, meaning they should not believe in the worshipping of a physical object or person as a god.Physical depictions in religious art have also been known to change along with the time period, which could in turn change the mindsets of the followers of the religion. For example, in Christianity, depictions of Jesus Christ contributed to the influence of the church and rulers who associated themselves with and promoted Christianity. During the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries, the image of Jesus changed from a humble shepherd to a richly robed and commanding persona—a fitting companion for the emperors whose images were also portrayed in mosaics on the walls of churches.Because the Muslims view the word of their god as all-important, they do not want interpretations of the religion to be further influenced by the time period, as what has happened with the image of Jesus. Art, in any form, has the ability to represent everything about a culture. In my opinion, it has the most impact on how we perceive certain people, religions, and cultures. He who is in control of the art is, in essence, in control of the opinions of future generations. Essentially, comparing the art of two separate cultures is comparing everything from their language and religion to trends and important societal topics.